StarSpell 2.3 words with sentences
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Important ‘sight’words
Essential words 1st
being and doing
wordsgot:
We went in the rain and got wethad: I did my work then had a rest
is: A cat is an animal
was: There once was an ugly duckling
went: Jack and Jill went up the hill
other useful words
it: He got his milk and drank it
of: I ate a bag of crisps
the: This is the house that Jack built
when: A hen clucks when it lays an egg
people words
he: As Jack fell down he broke his crown
she: Jill hurt her hand when she fell
we: Shall we go in for our tea?
you: Shut your eyes if you want a surprise
whereabouts words
in: The cat is in her basket
on: She sat on the donkey
there: We're standing here but the bus stops over there
to: I went to the fair
up: Jack and Jill went up the hill
with: My cat plays with string
words for joining
and: I like cats and dogs
but: Birds can fly but cats can't
so: The car won't start so we must push it
then: First bake the cake then eat it
being and doing words
came: My aunt came to see us last week
go: Rain, rain, go away
have: Let's stop and have a rest
like: I like jam better than butter
said: Ben came in and said hello
were: Once upon a time there were three pigs
Essential words 2nd
people words
him:
I prod my brother to annoy himhis: He held out his hand
me: My name belongs to me
my: I eat the chips and lick my lips
they: Shoes hurt when they pinch
useful words 1
all: The dog ate up all my dinner
for: A pen is for writing
some: Most birds can fly and some can swim
that: Let's go this way, not that way
this: My pen is this pen here
useful words 2
big: She saw the giant's big foot
little: This little pig went to market
not: I do not like being lost
very: An elephant is a very big animal
whereabouts words
at: I live at home
back: My dog brings back his ball
down: The skittles all fell down
out: I fell out of bed and woke up
Essential words 3rd
being and doing words
are:
Cats and dogs are animalsbe: I want to be your friend
could: He said he could do magic
do: There are lots of things I like to do
will: I will go even if it rains
would: I would rather fly than walk
more doing words
called: My dog is called Superdog
going: We are going to the fair
made: At last the pills made him better
put: She put the key into the lock
saw: He looked up and saw the moon
people words
our: We are five in our family
their: The kittens lost their mittens
them: I got some eggs and boiled them
us: Please give us our ball back
your: Clap your hands if you like the show
time (when) words
after: C comes after B in the ABC
again: It's nice to be back home again
as: She went to the party dressed as a witch
now: Right now is the time to do it
whereabouts words
about: This story is about myself
from: Milk comes from cows
into: It was very late when I got into bed
off: Humpty Dumpty fell off the wall
over: The cow jumped over the moon
Essential words 4th
doing words
come:
Will you come to my party?found: I looked around and found a pound
lived: Cavemen lived in caves
made: At last the pills made him better
play: Come and play ball with us
took: She took a look at her book
want: I want a drink when I'm thirsty
question words
how: Show me how a brown owl hoots
what: A hat is what you put on your head
when: A hen clucks when it lays an egg
where: Just here is where I sit
which: Tell me which cup is mine
who: I wonder who is knocking at my door
why: Tell me why she is not here
useful words
away: I forgot to put my things away
by: Please may I sit by the door?
no: Shake your head for no
other: Would you like this book or the other one?
too: My two cats are too lazy to go out
yes: Nod your head for yes
words for joining
if: It would be magic if I could fly
next: If it's Sunday, Monday's next
once: There once was an ugly duckling
or: We could go home or stay here
Numbers days
months colourscolour words
black:
The night was black and all was darkblue: When the sky is blue the sun shines too
brown: Grill any food and it turns brown
green: Grass is green
purple: The colour purple is like a mixture of blue and red
red: This box is red all over
white: Fresh snow looks white
yellow: Buttercups are yellow
days of the week
Friday: Friday is named after the goddess Frigga
Monday: Monday is named after the moon
Saturday: Saturday is called after the god Saturn
Sunday: Sunday is named after the sun
Thursday: Thursday is named after the god Thor
Tuesday: Tuesday is called after the god Tiw
Wednesday: Wednesday is named after the god Woden
months
April: April is the fourth month of the year
August: August is a holiday month in Europe
December: December is the twelfth month of the year
February: February is the second month of the year
January: The year starts on the first of January
July: The month of July is named after Julius Caesar
June: Summer begins in June
March: The month of March is named from Mars, god of war
May: May in Europe is a month of spring
November: November is the eleventh month of the year
October: October the tenth month was the eighth Roman month
September: September is the last month of summer in Europe
numbers 1 to 10
eight: A spider has eight legs
five: People have five toes on each foot
four: Chairs need four firm legs
nine: A cat is said to have nine lives
one: We have two eyes and one nose
seven: There are seven days in a week
six: An ant has six legs
ten: My toes add up to ten
three: A triangle has three sides
two: We have one nose but two eyes
numbers 11 to 20
eighteen: Eight and ten make eighteen
eleven: There are eleven players in a football team
fifteen: Five and ten make fifteen
fourteen: Ten plus four makes fourteen
nineteen: Nine and ten make nineteen
seventeen: Seven and ten make seventeen
sixteen: Six and ten make sixteen
thirteen: Three and ten make thirteen
twelve: A dozen is twelve of anything
twenty: Two men have twenty toes
Other important words
being and doing words
been:
I've been to London to see the Queendoes: She does judo on Monday after school
don't: Dinosaurs don't live here any more
done: My work is all done and finished
gave: I gave my dinner to the cat
give: Let me give you a present
goes: He goes to bed when he's tired
make: I like to make a fuss of my dog
may: He may be poor but he is kind
must: We must eat to stay alive
shall: What shall we have for tea?
want: I want a drink when I'm thirsty
other useful words
around: The pony trots around the ring
because: We went indoors because of the rain
here: This spot right here is good for our picnic
just: She grabbed the glass just as it fell
myself: When I look in a mirror I see myself
only: I have only one sweet left
own: I wish I had a pet of my very own
please: A dish of milk will please my cat
together: Bread and jam go well together
under: The river runs under the bridge
upon: Once upon a time there were three little pigs
qualifiers
an: I had a pear and an apple
any: Choose any number between one and ten
both: Bananas and pears are both fruit
every: I have every record the group ever made
good: A good dog sits when it's told
many: There are many fish in the sea
much: A lion is much bigger than a mouse
old: This tree is a hundred years old
small: A small button fits a tiny hole
these: You like those shoes but I like these
those: These apples are sweet but those are sour
time words
afternoon: The afternoon is between the morning and the evening
awake: Unable to sleep, he lay awake all night
before: Unwrap a sweet before you eat
morning: The sun comes up in the morning
never: We never sleep standing up
soon: Bedtime comes too soon
today: The day before tomorrow is today
tomorrow: The day after today is tomorrow
yesterday: The day before today was yesterday
Words by theme
fairy stories
castle:
A big strong castle stood on a hilldragon: The dragon gave a fiery hiccup
fairy: There's a fairy on top of the Christmas tree
forest: The woodcutter lived deep in the forest
giant: Next to the giant she looks so small
magic: By magic her rags became a fine gown
prince: A prince is the son of a king
princess: So the prince and princess lived happily ever after
spell: A spell turns the pumpkin into a coach
wicked: Are all witches wicked?
wishes: Cinderella's wishes all came true
witch: In flew the witch on her big black broom
familiar places
bathroom: I wash myself in the bathroom
bedroom: There are bunk beds in my bedroom
garden: My garden has both weeds and flowers
home: We live at home
kitchen: Dad was in the kitchen cooking dinner
lounge: The most comfortable chairs are in the lounge
shop: Her shop sells toys
supermarket: We filled our trolley with food at the supermarket
town: A town is bigger than a village
family and friends
aunt: My aunt is married to my uncle
baby: My aunt's baby is only four weeks old
boy: Every man was once a boy
brother: Sister and brother went home together
child: The child skipped along with a toy
children: The child ran to join the other children outside
father: A father is somebody's dad
friend: A friend is there in good times and bad
girl: His sister was a happy girl
mother: A mum is a mother
sister: My sister has her own room
uncle: An uncle is a brother of my mum or dad
outings
bus: The big red bus goes to town
car: Mum drives us to school by car
coach: We went to London by coach instead of by train
minibus: Only ten of us can fit in the school minibus
picnic: We spread a cloth on the grass for a picnic
play: Come and play ball with us
seat: I gave up my seat to the old man
ticket: We had to buy a ticket to get into the zoo
train: Our train leaves the station at ten.
zoo: A zoo was once called a zoological garden
parties
balloons: Blowing up balloons takes a lot of puff
birthday: Your birthday marks the day you were born
cake: I love cake with jam in it
cards: The postman came with a pile of birthday cards
crisps: Everyone had a bag of crunchy crisps
game: Can we play a game?
presents: I love unwrapping birthday presents
sandwich: Try this jam and peanut butter sandwich
sweets: Mints, toffees and jelly babies are all sweets
parts of the body
arms: Your arms are for hugging
ears: Your ears are for hearing
eyes: Your eyes are for seeing
face: I'll laugh if you pull that funny face
feet: She had no shoes on her feet
fingers: We have eight fingers and two thumbs
foot: Each foot has five toes
hair: His hair was cut very short
hands: Clap your hands
head: Please turn your head and look at me
legs: Long legs are good for running
mouth: His mouth was open to speak
nose: Your nose runs if you have a cold
toes: We have five toes on each foot
pets
cat: My cat laps up milk
dog: Our dog barks at cats
gerbil: A small gerbil ran inside its wheel
goldfish: The orange goldfish swam around its bowl
hamster: A hamster has big cheek pouches to store food
horse: The sad horse waited for his rider.
kitten: My kitten is fluffy and playful
mouse: My pet white mouse nibbles cheese
pony: A pony is a small type of horse
puppy: A dog is a puppy until it is grown
rabbit: Our pet rabbit ate Mum's prize carrots
school
book: She sat reading her book
classroom: Our classroom is next to the music room
paper: Someone had scribbled on every sheet of paper
pen: She writes with a red pen
pencil: I write in pencil if I need to rub out
read: This book is good to read
school: Children learn and play at school
teacher: Our teacher needs lots of patience
workbook: This workbook has spaces for me to write answers
write: I want to write him a letter
One letter for one sound
Short vowels
'a' as in cat
bad:
A bad egg smells horridbag: Her bag holds a lot
can: Birds can fly
cat: My cat laps up milk
had: I did my work then had a rest
hat: He wore a woolly hat
jam: I like jam on bread
man: Every man was once a boy
ran: She ran quickly to catch the bus
'e' as in bed
bed: I sleep in a big bed
get: We will get wet in the rain
hen: My hen lays brown eggs
leg: I can stand on one leg
net: We need a net to dip in the pond
pen: She writes with a red pen
pet: I have a spider for a pet
red: This box is red all over
set: I have a new set of felt pens
yes: Nod your head for yes
'i' as in big
big: She saw the giant's big foot
bit: This bit fits here
hid: The squirrel hid its nuts
him: I prod my brother to annoy him
his: He held out his hand
lid: I put the lid back on the box
lip: I bit my lip
pig: The pig gave a grunt
six: An ant has six legs
win: Only one of you can win the prize
'o' as in dog
box: In this box there is a present
dog: Our dog barks at cats
fox: A fox hunts to eat
hot: Fire is hot
job: His job is washing up
lot: Her party was a lot of fun
not: I do not like being lost
pop: The balloon went pop!
top: The top of the jar got stuck
'u' as in sun
bus: The big red bus goes to town
but: Birds can fly but cats can't
cup: Gran has a cup of tea with me
cut: She cut the bread
fun: Her party was a lot of fun
mug: I sip my mug of hot milk
mum: A mum is a mother
sum: This sum gets a tick
sun: Summer sun is hot
short vowels, plurals
beds: Our family needs four beds
cubs: The fox cubs play by their mother
dots: Try to make a pattern of dots
jugs: The four jugs were full of milk
legs: Long legs are good for running
nets: By the boat were four nets
pans: Now I must wash the pans
pins: Her dress was held up with pins
rats: There were rats in the old house
'y' as a vowel
'y' as in fly
by:
Please may I sit by the door?cry: Sad news made her cry
dry: Boots keep my feet dry
fly: The fly fell in the jam
fry: She began to fry the eggs
sky: Birds fly up in the sky
try: I can be good if I try hard
'y' as in happy
family: The family had a good day out
happy: She is happy on her birthday
hobby: Collecting stamps is my hobby
holly: The holly has a deep red berry
lucky: I was lucky to win
puppy: A dog is a puppy until it is grown
silly: He does look silly in that hat
stuffy: A hot stuffy room is bad for you
twenty: Two men have twenty toes
Final consonant blends
'..ck' as in back
back:
My dog brings back his ballduck: The duck gave a quack
kick: She ran up to kick the ball
lock: He keeps a lock on his bike
luck: We need luck to win today
pack: It's time to pack for our holiday!
pick: I pick apples from the tree
sack: A big sack will hold a lot
sick: I ate so much I was sick!
tick: A tick means yes
'..ft' as in lift
left: Turn left at the corner
lift: They rode to the top in the lift
loft: Dad put my old toys in the loft
soft: A kitten's fur is soft
tuft: He has only got one tuft of hair
'..lk' as in sulk
bulk: My mum buys food in bulk
hulk: The divers swam up to a sunken hulk
milk: I put some milk in my tea
silk: A silk scarf is soft
sulk: She will sulk if she has no work
'..ll' as in hill
bell: The bell rang for playtime
bill: We ate our food, then paid the bill
doll: This doll has long hair
fell: A boy fell off his bike
fill: Please take my cup and fill it up
hill: Up the hill we go!
pill: My magic pill cures everything
sell: They want to sell their car for cash
tell: Let me tell you a story
will: I will go even if it rains
'..lt' as in belt
belt: A belt holds up my jeans
felt: She felt cold all winter
kilt: The Scotsman had a tartan kilt
melt: Snowmen melt in the sun
pelt: Children pelt each other with snowballs
'..mp' as in bump
bump: I got a bump on the head when I fell
camp: Our camp had four big tents
damp: Her wet shoes made the carpet damp
imp: This little imp is up to no good
jump: A frog can jump over a log
lamp: The lamp gave a soft glow
limp: His bad leg made him limp
lump: I had a lump on my head from a fall
mumps: A painful neck may be mumps
pump: You fill up the car at the pump
'..nd' as in bend
and: I like cats and dogs
bend: Drive carefully round a bend
end: At the end of the day I'm sleepy
hand: My hand is to hold things
land: After weeks at sea he saw land
lend: Please lend me some money
pond: Why has this pond got no ducks?
sand: There's so much sand at the seaside
send: I'd like to send her a birthday card
'..ng' as in bang
bang: Bangers go bang
hang: The little monkey has to hang on
king: The king sat on his throne
long: Giraffes need long scarves
lungs: I fill my lungs with fresh air
ring: She has a ring on her finger
sing: Let 's sing a song together
song: The singer sang a sad song
wing: This bird has hurt its wing
'..nk' as in bunk
bank: Money is kept in a bank
bunk: Tom slept in the top bunk
honk: Car horns go honk
pink: Roses are often pink
sink: His sink was full of washing-up
sunk: The ship had sunk to the seabed
tank: Fish swam in the tank
wink: A wink is a one-eyed blink
'..nt' as in ant
ant: An ant has six legs
bent: The shelf was bent
dent: The crash made a dent in my car
hunt: I had to hunt all over to find my socks
pant: A dog will pant when it is hot
sent: I sent her present in the post
tent: I'm going to sleep out in my tent
went: Jack and Jill went up the hill
'..sk' as in desk
desk: I work best at my desk
dusk: Just before dark it is dusk
husk: The husk protects the nut
risk: You risk a fall sitting on that wall
rusk: Our baby likes to chew a rusk
tusk: An elephant tusk is long and white
'..ss' as in kiss
boss: Mum is the boss at home
fuss: He makes a fuss about his food
hiss: The balloon went down with a hiss
kiss: She gave him a big kiss
less: One is less than two
loss: The loss of her pet made her cry
mess: Her hair was such a mess
miss: I don't often miss the target
'..st' as in best
best: I can tell my best friend anything
cost: A big meal out can cost a lot
just: She grabbed the glass just as it fell
list: I made a list of my friends
must: We must eat to stay alive
nest: Four eggs rest in a nest
rest: He had to rest after running so far
test: My sister had her driving test
west: A west wind is a wet wind
'.ing' as in resting
bending: She is bending down to touch her toes
costing: My holiday is costing me a lot
jumping: I like jumping over puddles
resting: He is resting after keep-fit
singing: The birds are singing in the sun
sinking: The ship is sinking fast
sulking: She has to work so she is sulking
Initial consonant blends
'bl..' as in blot
black:
The night was black and all was darkblank: The screen went blank
blend: You blend the eggs with flour and milk
blink: Eyes blink all the time
blob: A blob of jam fell on the cloth
block: A block of wood held back the door
blot: Drip some paint and make a blot
blunt: A blunt knife never cuts well
'br..' as in brick
brag: Winners sometimes show off and brag
bran: When flour is made, bran is left
brand: Which brand of beans is best?
brick: Here's a brick to start a wall
brim: My glass is full up to the brim
bring: Postmen bring the post
brisk: A brisk walk will keep you fit
'cl..' as in clap
clamp: He held the wood in a clamp
clang: The bell went clang
click: The switch goes on with a click.
cliff: Do not go to the edge of the cliff.
cling: A baby will cling to its mother.
clock: The clock strikes three
clog: A wooden shoe is called a clog.
club: The giant had a big club
clump: A clump of reeds grows by the pond.
'cr..' as in crisp
crab: A crab hid in a rocky pool
crack: The egg began to crack open
cramp: The swimmer left the pool with cramp
cress: You can grow cress on wet paper
cricket: You need a bat and ball for cricket
crisp: You can have the last crisp in the packet
crop: Sun makes a crop of corn grow tall
cross: Just one sum had a cross and was wrong
crust: Who wants the crust off this new loaf?
'dr..' as in drum
drag: He had to drag the boat out of the water
dragon: The dragon gave a fiery hiccup
dress: She wore her new dress to the party
drift: Let the boat drift down the river
drill: His drill made a hole in the wall
drink: A fizzy drink tickles your nose
drip: Don't let water drip on the carpet
drop: A drop of rain fell on my hat
drum: We dance as he bangs his drum
'fl..' as in flat
flag: The flag flaps in the wind.
flan: Fill a flan with fruit and jelly
flap: This flap is for the cat
flat: She fell flat on her back
fling: Just fling your coat on the floor
flop: Her first song was a flop.
fluff: There is fluff in the dusty corner
'fr..' as in frog
fret: I did fret when my cat was lost
frill: Her dress was edged with a frill
frock: Gran says frock instead of dress
frog: A frog sits by a pond
from: Milk comes from cows
frond: A frond of weed hid the crab
frost: There is frost on the window
'gl..' as in glad
glad: I'm glad you can come to my party
glen: A glen is a Scottish valley
glint: They saw the glint of gold in the rocks
gloss: Polish gives a gloss to wood
glum: The bad news made her glum
'gr..' as in grin
grand: The king was very grand
grill: You grill food on barbecues
grin: She gave a happy grin
grip: You need a good grip on your bat
grit: A frosty path needs grit
grub: A grub in your apple is bad news
gruff: The man had a gruff voice
grunt: The pig gave a grunt
'pl..' as in plug
plan: This is the plan of the house
planet: Was there once life on the planet Mars?
plank: A plank of wood can make a shelf
plastic: A plastic flower has no smell
plug: A plug keeps water in a sink
plum: I hope this plum is sweet
plump: The rabbit was plump and round
plus: Two plus two makes four
'pr..' as in pram
pram: We took our baby out in the pram
prank: A prank is a silly trick
present: I want to open my present now
press: A bell will ring if you press this button
print: My work is neat when I print it
prison: All prison gates have locks
prod: Mum woke me with a prod in the ribs
prong: One prong of my fork is bent
prop: A prop holds up this washing-line
'qu..' as in quack
quack: The duck gave a quiet quack
quest: His quest was to find the missing ring
quick: You must be quick to win a race
quill: A quill is a feather pen
quilt: My quilt keeps me snug in bed
quit: They had to quit their work and go
quiz: A quiz will test how much you know
'sc..' as in scan
scab: His fall has left a scab on his knee
scalp: Not one hair grew on his scalp
scan: An X-ray scan can see inside us
scoff: Jim would scoff his chips in no time.
scum: Green scum lies on top of the pond
'scr..' as in scrub
scrap: Old tin cans end up as scrap
scrimp: The poor man had to scrimp on food
script: She wrote the script for the puppet play
scrub: Muddy floors need a good scrub
scruff: I look like a scruff when I get up
scrum: The players got into a scrum
'sk..' as in skin
skid: Mud makes cars skid
skill: You need skill to dribble a ball
skim: Let's skim stones across the pond
skin: You need skin to keep your body in
skip: She likes to skip with her new rope
skull: Your skull protects your brain
'sl..' as in slug
slack: Loosen your belt to make it slack
slam: The wind made the door slam
slap: A slap on the hand hurts
slept: Baby slept in a cot
sling: His arm was in a sling
slip: A banana skin made him slip
slit: She cut a slit in the cloth
slot: Put your coin in the slot
slug: A slimy slug slid slowly past
'sm..' as in smug
smack: A smack on the hand hurts
smell: Come and smell this flower
smock: I put on a smock when I paint
smug: She looked so smug when she won
smut: He cleaned a smut of dirt off the window
'sn..' as in snap
snack: I have a snack if I'm hungry
snag: His clever plan went without a snag
snap: My pencil broke with a snap
sniff: Take a sniff and smell this flower
snip: I will just snip the paper in two
snob: A snob thinks he is better than us
snub: It feels like a snub to be left out
snug: The cat is snug beside the fire
'sp..' as in spit
span: We made a bridge to span the stream
speck: A speck of dust went in my eye
spell: A spell turns the pumpkin into a coach
spend: I spend too much on sweets
spill: Be careful not to spill the ink
spin: When I spin round I get dizzy
spit: An angry cat will spit
spots: She had spots when she was ill
'spl..' sa in split
splat: The paint fell with a splat
splendid: You have done some splendid work
splint: They put a splint on his broken leg
split: The plank was split in two
'spr..' as in spring
sprang: I opened the box and out sprang Jack
sprat: A little sprat swam out at sea
sprig: He drew a sprig of holly on his card
spring: A Jack-in-a-box needs a spring
sprint: He won the hundred-metre sprint
'st..' as in step
stamp: Every letter needs a stamp
stand: We saw the match from the stand
step: She fell from the top step of the stairs
stick: This stick is for the campfire
stiff: A stiff knee is hard to bend
still: Keep still while I cut your hair!
sting: A wasp will sting if it is angry
stop: Cars must stop at red lights
stuck: Jam was stuck all over his face
stunt: His best stunt was jumping over two cars
'str..' as in string
strand: A strand of hair was all he had
strap: My case was held shut with a strap
string: My kitten loves a ball of string
strong: This man is so strong he can lift a tonne
struck: The clock struck twelve
'sw..' as in swim
swam: Today I swam in the sea
swank: He likes to swank about his cars
swell: Hot air made the balloon swell out
swift: You must be swift to win a race
swig: He took a swig from the bottle
swill: Water will swill the mess away
swim: I can swim across the pool
swing: Push me high on my swing
'tr..' as in trip
track: A train runs on a track
traffic: Too much traffic blocks the roads
tramp: A tramp has no home
trick: It was a silly trick to hide his pen
trim: His hair needs a trim
trip: Our trip to the zoo was fun
trot: The horse set off at a trot
truck: The truck carried a load of bricks
trunk: A trunk is a very long nose
Letters combined for one sound
'ch', 'sh' and 'th'
'..nch' as in pinch
bench:
I often sit on this bench in the sunbunch: Grapes are picked by the bunch
finch: A finch just loves to eat seeds
hunch: I had a hunch our numbers would win
lunch: I eat my lunch at one o'clock
munch: My pony had an apple to munch
pinch: He put a pinch of salt on his egg
punch: He gave the ball a mighty punch
'..tch' as in catch
catch: He ran to catch the ball
hutch: They made a hutch for their baby rabbit
kitchen: Dad was in the kitchen cooking dinner
match: She lit the candle with a match
pitch: The team ran onto the pitch
scratch: The pin made a scratch on her hand
stretch: As I wake up I stretch my arms
switch: We switch on the light at night
witch: In flew the witch on her big black broom
'ch' as in chat
chat: My mum likes to chat with her friends
check: This pattern is a check
chicken: I like my chicken alive and clucking
chimp: The chimp was unhappy in the zoo
chin: Every day he shaves his chin
chips: Fish and chips taste very good
much: A lion is much bigger than a mouse
rich: A rich man has lots of money
such: Your party was such good fun
'sh' as in shell
brush: A new brush sweeps well
cash: She took the cash to the bank
crash: Their car hit the wall with a crash
fish: One little fish swam in the pond
shell: A snail has a shell on its back
ship: The ship sails out to sea
shop: Her shop sells toys
wish: Most of us wish to be happy
'th' as in think
tenth: Her birthday is the tenth of March
thank: She went to thank them for their help
theft: Stealing things is theft
thick: A big brush paints a thick line
thin: A thin dog needs his food
thing: A cup is a thing for holding drinks
think: I must think before I speak
thud: The spaceship landed with a thud
thump: He gave the ball a great big thump
'th' as in this
that: Let's go this way, not that way
them: I got some eggs and boiled them
then: First bake the cake then eat it
this: My pen is this pen here
with: My cat plays with string
Doubled vowels
'ee' as in feet
feel:
I feel cold in the snowfeet: She had no shoes on her feet
green: Grass is green
need: We all need food
screen: I like a TV with a big screen
sleep: After his walk my dog goes to sleep
speed: He ran for help at top speed
street: The bus to town stops down the street
sweet: I wish I had a sweet to suck
tree: A tree needs deep roots
'oo' as in good
book: She sat reading her book
cook: A clever cook bakes better buns
foot: Each foot has five toes
good: A good dog sits when it's told
hood: A snug red hood will keep her warm
hook: I am going to fix a hook for our coats
look: They all ran out to look at the snow
took: She took a look at her book
wooden: Cooks often use a wooden spoon
'oo' as in moon
boot: He left his boot stuck in the mud
cool: A fan will help you to keep cool
food: The boy soon ate up all his food
moon: A silver moon lit up the sky
pool: Come and swim in my pool
proof: The photo was proof he was there
smooth: Her velvet dress was smooth and soft
soon: Bedtime comes too soon
spoon: You need a spoon to eat soup from a bowl
tooth: I bit too hard and hurt my tooth
Paired vowels
'ai' as in train
aim:
You need a good aim to play dartsbrain: I use my brain to think things out
nail: One more nail should fix this shelf
paint: She took her brush and began to paint
rain: They all got wet in the rain
snail: The snail left a silver trail
train: Our train leaves the station at ten.
wait: We did not wait long for the bus
'au' as in haunt
gaunt: He grew gaunt and thin with illness
haunt: Ghosts are said to haunt that house
launch: He pressed the button to launch the rocket
laundry: Hang your laundry out to dry
taunt: The bully called me names to taunt me
taut: The rope goes taut when both teams pull
'ea' as in bread
bread: Fresh bread makes the best toast
breath: He ran until he was out of breath
dead: With a click the phone went dead
deaf: The deaf man did not hear the bell
head: Please turn your head and look at me
health: An apple a day is good for your health
instead: She wants a pony instead of a bike
sweat: Hard work makes you sweat
wealth: The lottery winner gave away all his wealth
'ea' as in seat
beach: Blue seas lap this sandy beach
beak: A bird pecks with its beak
heat: Fire gives off heat
meal: Beans on toast is a simple meal
seat: I gave up my seat to the old man
steam: Water gives off steam as it boils
stream: A river starts as a stream
team: She plays football in our team
'ie' as in field
brief: A nap is a brief sleep
chief: Sitting Bull was a brave chief
field: She keeps her pony in this field
grief: She wept in grief
shield: His shield should protect him from arrows
shriek: His joke spider made Mum shriek
thief: A thief took all my cash
'oa' as in boat
boat: Our boat sailed on the stormy sea
coach: We went to London by coach instead of by train
coal: A hot coal fell from the open fire
coast: Sandy shores run along this coast
coat: Her coat was warm and made of wool
float: He put a float on his fishing-line
foam: Too much soap makes too much foam
loaf: I like a crusty loaf of bread
road: The long road led to the hills
soap: A bar of soap is for washing
'oi' as in boil
boil: The kettle came to the boil
coin: Let's toss a coin for who goes first
joint: Your elbow makes a joint in your arm
moist: Her hair was moist from the rain
noisy: Their stereo is too noisy
oil: An engine runs well with oil
point: It's rude to point a finger
poison: Never drink poison
soil: Seeds need good soil
toilet: Wooden toilet seats are warmer
'ou' as in cloud
cloud: A small cloud hid the sun
count: I count to ten before I speak
ground: The ground felt firm beneath my feet
loud: Some of us like loud music
mouth: His mouth was open to speak
out: I fell out of bed and woke up
round: All wheels are round
sound: No sound came from the silent house
south: Go south for sunshine
'ou' as in couple
country: He left his own country to go abroad
couple: Two of anything make a couple
courage: It took courage to fight that blazing fire
cousin: My cousin is my uncle's son
nourish: Water and soil both nourish a seed
trouble: In times of trouble we all need help
young: A kitten is a young cat
Vowels with 'gh'
'augh' as in caught
caught:
He put out a hand and caught the balldaughter: He has one daughter and no sons
fraught: A frantic day can leave you fraught
naughty: That naughty kitten has licked the cream
taught: He taught his dog to do some tricks
'eigh' as in weigh
eight: A spider has eight legs
eighty: Four twenties make eighty
neigh: She heard her horse neigh from far away
sleigh: Over the snow she rode in her sleigh
weigh: I had to weigh some flour for a cake-mix
weight: You must be strong to lift such a weight
'igh' as in high
high: From high on the hill they saw for miles
night: All that night the moon shone bright
right: Ticks mean all your sums are right
sigh: With a sad sigh she said goodbye
thigh: Your thigh is your leg from hip to knee
tight: These tight shoes pinch my toes
Vowels with 'r'
'air' as in fair
chair:
Pull up a chair and sit downdairy: Butter and cheese are made in a dairy
fair: I love the fair with all its rides
fairy: There's a fairy on top of the Christmas tree
hair: His hair was cut very short
pair: He always wore a pair of trainers
stairs: Steep wooden stairs led up to the top
unfair: It's unfair to give her a bigger cake
'ar' as in car
dark: The sky was dark that night
farm: Ben grew corn on his farm
garden: My garden has both weeds and flowers
hard: A snail finds it hard to jump
march: The men had to march in time
market: Things are cheap in the market
park: He jogs in the park each day
spark: One stray spark started the forest fire
star: The sheriff has a star as his badge
start: She turned the key to start the car
'are' as in scare
beware: The princess knew to beware of dragons
care: She took care of her teddy bear
dare: I dare you to do a bungee jump
rare: He searches the jungle for rare plants
scare: My sudden yell gave her quite a scare
share: I will let you share my chocolate
spare: Come and play if you have the spare time
square: You never see a square tomato
'ear' as in bear
bear: Deep in the woods a grizzly bear growled
pear: I could not bear to leave that pear unpicked
swear: In court we swear to tell the truth
tear: She had to mend a tear in the cloth
wear: People wear shorts in the summer
'ear' as in beard
appear: As dusk fell I saw the moon appear
beard: His big bushy beard covered his tie
clear: The stream was so clear you could see the fish
ear: She whispered in his ear
fear: A brave man hides his fear
gear: The car was stuck in second gear
hear: Rabbits have long ears to hear danger
rear: Pedals drive a bike's rear wheel
spear: He hurled his spear at the springing lion
'ear' as in pearl
early: He got out of bed early that day
earn: She went to work to earn some money
earth: From space the earth looks beautiful
heard: I heard a great new song today
learn: I try to learn ten spellings a week
learning: I am learning how to swim
pearl: He dived for a pearl to give to his girl
search: A detective needs to search for clues
'eer' as in cheer
beer: The glass of beer had foam on top
cheer: We gave a cheer when our team won
jeer: Unkind people jeer at losers
peer: She had to peer hard to see through the fog
steer: I helped the captain steer his ship into port
'er' as in her
fern: A fern is an evergreen plant
her: She has a ring on her finger
herb: Mint is a herb with a fresh tingly taste
kerb: You wait at the kerb to cross the road
perfect: I may be good but I'm not perfect
person: A person may be a man or a woman
stern: When Mum looks stern we all behave
term: At the end of term our holiday starts
'ir' as in bird
bird: A small bird sang from the treetop
birth: Our cat gave birth to six kittens
dirty: You play in dirt - you get dirty
first: The first to get home is the winner
girl: His sister was a happy girl
shirt: The team's new shirt is blue and white
skirt: Her long blue skirt reached the floor
third: She ate two cakes and then a third
'ire' as in fire
admire: I admire your neat handwriting
bonfire: Cheerful red sparks rose from the bonfire
fire: He lit the fire to get himself warm
fireman: The fireman bravely fought the fire
hire: Dad chose to hire a car in France
retire: He hopes to retire before he is old
wire: He knows how to wire a plug
'oar' as in roar
boar: Wild boar live in the Black Forest
board: The teacher wrote on the board
hoard: The pirates hid their hoard of gold
oar: They each took an oar to row the boat
roar: The angry lion gave a roar
soar: I saw my kite soar high in the sky
'or' as in sport
corn: Butter is good with corn on the cob
fork: He stuck his fork into a pea
morning: The sun comes up in the morning
north: Go north for cold and ice
short: The ladder was too short to reach the top
sort: A bun is a sort of cake
sport: Keep fit with sport
'ore' as in more
before: Unwrap a sweet before you eat
more: She ate lots but wanted more
score: Put the ball in the net to score
shore: Blue sea laps the sandy shore
snore: People who snore keep others awake
sore: Her throat was so sore she could hardly speak
store: Children adore buying sweets from a store
swore: The witness swore to tell the truth
wore: He wore a turban on his head
'our' as in flour
flour: Here is some flour to bake a cake
hour: Sixty minutes make an hour
our: We are five in our family
scour: I'll scrub and scour that dirty old pan
sour: Lemons are so very sour
'our' as in four
court: We played tennis on a grass court
four: Chairs need four firm legs
fourteen: Ten plus four makes fourteen
pour: Use a funnel to help you pour
your: Clap your hands if you like the show
'ur' as in fur
burn: Dry logs burn well
burst: Balloons go bang when they burst
church: Christians go to church to pray
curly: A pig has a curly tail
fur: My cat's fur is soft and fluffy
hurt: When she fell she hurt her hand
turn: I always take my turn to wash up
turnip: A turnip is a root that's good to eat
Vowels with 'w'
'aw' as in claw
claws:
The eagle snatched a snake in its clawscrawl: Babies crawl before they walk
draw: The final result was a draw
jaw: You move your jaw when you chew
law: He broke the law when he shot the sheriff
lawn: My lawn grows green and grassy
paw: Our cat dips its paw in its milk
raw: Food is raw until you cook it
straw: She likes to sip her drink through a straw
thaw: The thaw came at last and melted the snow
'ew' as in flew
chew: My dog likes to chew bones
crew: Four fine men were the crew of the ship
drew: He drew a picture of a flower
flew: A bee flew past his nose
grew: He grew prize-winning pumpkins
screw: You turn a screw to tighten it
threw: She threw the ball for me to catch
'ew' as in newt
dew: The leaves that morning shone with drops of dew
few: Just a few pence was all she had left
new: I would like a new bike for my birthday
newt: A newt slid into the pond to swim
stew: A spicy smell rose from the stew
'ow' as in cow
brown: Grill any food and it turns brown
clown: The clown acted the fool
cow: Daisy was a cow who mooed all day
crowd: The crowd packed the stands for the match
growl: The dog gave a growl to warn us off
now: Right now is the time to do it
prowl: My cat goes out to prowl the streets
rowdy: Those rowdy children make too much noise
vow: He made a vow to kill the dragon
'ow' as in show
flow: They watched the river flow smoothly by
grow: Eating your greens will help you grow
show: Let me show you my scar
slow: Slugs and snails are very slow
throw: How far can you throw a ball?
window: She gazed through the green glass window
yellow: Buttercups are yellow
Vowels with 'y'
'ay' as in play
away:
I forgot to put my things awaycrayon: He drew a tree with his crayon
day: I play all day on holiday
play: Come and play ball with us
say: A chatterbox has lots to say
spray: This spray kills fleas
stay: He had to stay in when he was ill
tray: She took the cups away on a tray
way: Can you tell me the way to town?
'oy' as in toy
annoy: It does annoy me when I miss the bus
boy: Every man was once a boy
convoy: The line of ships was sailing in convoy
destroy: You can destroy weeds by pulling them up
employ: A busy firm must employ more workers
enjoy: We all enjoy a tasty meal
loyal: His loyal dog was a friend for life
royal: The royal coach is for the queen
toy: The child sat playing with a toy
wh', 'ph', 'thr', and 'shr'
'ph' as in photo
alphabet:
I know every letter of the alphabetdolphin: A dolphin hunts fish but is gentle with people
elephant: An elephant came stomping by
graph: A graph makes a picture from numbers
nephew: My sister's son is my nephew
orphan: His parents died and so he was an orphan
phantom: The phantom floated through the wall
photo: She kept his photo in a silver frame
'shr' as in shred
shred: She tore a shred of paper from her notebook
shrill: The whistle blew a shrill note
shrimp: The shrimp was alone in a seaside pool
shrink: Some jumpers shrink in the wash
shrub: I will plant the shrub by the other bushes
shrug: A shrug of his shoulders said he didn't care
'thr' as in thrill
thread: The thread slips through the needle's eye
threat: I see a threat of rain in those dark clouds
three: A triangle has three sides
thrill: Winning gave her such a thrill
throat: He shouted till his throat grew sore
throb: Loud music makes my head throb
throng: A throng packed the ground for the match
thrush: A thrush sang outside my window
'wh' as in wheel
whack: With a whack she hit her head on the shelf
wheat: Farmers grow wheat so we can have bread
wheel: The front wheel of her bike hit the kerb
whip: You have to whip cream to make it thick
whirl: The rides at the fair whirl round and round
whiskers: A cat laps up milk then licks its whiskers
whisper: Softly and in a whisper she told her secret
'wh', question words
what: A hat is what you put on your head
when: A hen clucks when it lays an egg
where: Just here is where I sit
whether: Tell me whether you want this or that
which: Tell me which cup is mine
why: Tell me why she is not here
One letter alters another
'e' alters 'c' and 'g'
'ce' as in cell
audience:
The audience clapped as the play endedcell: Deep in the castle was a dark prison cell
dance: Do try to dance in time to the music
force: The force of the gale made cars overturn
mice: The mouse had a family of baby mice
race: The fastest runner wins the race
service: Buses provide a useful service
space: Travel in space can go far beyond Earth
surface: The pond had ice on its surface
twice: Sing Happy Birthday twice for twins
'cei' as in ceiling
ceiling: A single light hung down from the ceiling
conceited: You're conceited if you think you're better than us
deceit: The old cheat lived a life of deceit
deceive: Camouflage is to deceive the enemy
perceive: Bats perceive sounds we cannot hear
receive: Every winner will receive a prize
received: Noddy received a birthday gift
'dge' as in edge
badge: A soldier has a badge on his cap
badger: A badger lives below ground in a sett
bridge: You can cross the river at the bridge
edge: The land falls steeply at the edge of a cliff
fidget: An itchy jumper makes you fidget
fudge: A piece of fudge is sweet and chewy
hedgehog: A hedgehog has spikes for self-defence
judge: The judge asked the witness to speak up
midget: What a midget he seemed beside the giant!
sledge: Our sledge will go on crisp white snow
'ge' as in cage
angel: An angel is a heavenly messenger
cage: A songbird longs to fly from its cage
garage: Our car goes in the garage overnight
general: The general commands his army
hinge: The old door was hanging by a single hinge
huge: A shoe looks huge to an ant
orange: Cut an orange and juice spurts out
stage: The curtains parted to reveal the stage
strange: The message was strange and puzzling
'e' alters vowels (magic e)
'a-e' as in name
cake:
I love cake with jam in itflame: A flame shot up from the fire
game: Can we play a game?
late: The bus was late today
made: At last the pills made him better
same: These two dogs are the same size
scales: Let's weigh these apples on the scales
scrape: I'll scrape the mud off my shoes
'e' as in hoe, blue
blue: When the sky is blue the sun shines too
clue: There was no clue to the theft
die: Plants die with no water
glue: My brush got stuck in the glue
hoe: You use a hoe to chop out weeds
pie: Would you like a piece of pie?
tie: His tie has blue stripes
toe: It hurts to stub your toe
true: A lie can never be true
'i-e' as in bite
bike: She rides her bike downhill
crime: His last crime was to take a tiger
kite: Fly your kite on a windy day
line: This work has a line through it
mile: From here to home is just a mile.
prize: The winner gets a brilliant prize
size: The twins are the same size
slide: The boy slid down the yellow slide
wide: The river was too wide to jump
'o-e' as in pole
hole: The pirate dug a hole to hide his gold
home: We live at home
hope: I hope to be rich one day and happy
note: Each note she sang was soft
pole: He used a long pole to push out the boat
rose: She picked a rose and pricked her finger
stone: You could trip over that stone
stroke: It is quite safe to stroke my dog
woke: Dad woke Mum with a cup of tea
'u-e' as in cube
compute: The supermarket till will compute your bill.
cube: All the sides of a cube are squares
fuse: She put a new fuse in the plug
tube: Some sweets are sold in a tube
tune: Can you whistle that tune?
use: You cannot use a fork to eat custard
brute: The brute had fangs and claws
crude: A saucepan makes a crude drum
flute: You blow across a flute to play it
June: Summer begins in June
plume: Her hat had a plume of feathers
rude: It is rude to stare
rule: Just rule a line across the page
'i' alters 'c' and 'g'
'ci' as in city
acid:
Vinegar has a sharp acid tastecigarette: A cigarette is smaller than a cigar
cinder: A red-hot cinder scorched the rug
cinema: Our new cinema has ten screens
circus: The circus was held in a huge tent
citrus: Lemons, limes and oranges are citrus fruits
city: Tall buildings line the streets of a city
civil: Polite people give civil replies
civilian: The civilian wore jeans, the soldier a uniform
'gi' as in giant
giant: Next to the giant she looks so small
gin: He asked the barman for a gin
ginger: Bits of ginger make a cake hot
magic: By magic her rags became a fine gown
origin: I know the origin of the rumour because I made it up
original: An original painting isn't a copy
rigid: Something is rigid if it is not flexible
'w', 'qu' alter 'a', 'ar' and 'or'
'qua' as in quality
quality:
All her clothes were of the finest qualityquantity: A pinch of salt is not a big quantity
quarrel: They disagreed and started to quarrel
squander: It is silly to squander your savings
squash: If you sit on your lunch you will squash it
squat: I saw a toad squat under a stone
'wa' as in want
swallow: A big pill is hard to swallow
swamp: Our feet got stuck in the muddy swamp
swan: A snow-white swan swam all alone
wad: He stuffs the wad of notes in his pocket
wander: Without fences sheep wander away
want: I want a drink when I'm thirsty
was: There once was an ugly duckling
wash: I went to wash my grubby hands
watch: I like to watch the news on TV
'war' as in warm
warden: The warden told me where to park
warm: The sun made the cat feel warm
warmth: A lamb snuggles up to its mum for warmth
warn: A sign should warn drivers about that bend
warning: The lightning struck without warning
warp: Wooden planks can bend and warp
wart: The wart on his finger became quite sore
'wor' as in worm
fireworks: Dazzling fireworks lit up the night
word: Now here is a word I can spell
work: Nurses work in hospitals
world: The world is the planet on which we live
worm: A wiggly worm lived in the soil
worse: A cold is bad but flu is worse
worship: To worship is to pay deep respect
worth: This gold ring is worth a lot of money
'y' alters 'c' and 'g'
'..cy' as in spicy
emergency:
Ring 999 in an emergencyfancy: His flashy tie had a fancy pattern
fleecy: My coat has a fleecy lining
juicy: Peeling juicy fruit makes sticky fingers
mercy: In their mercy they set the captives free
spicy: Curry has a spicy taste
'gy' as in gym
energy: Gas and electricity are forms of energy
gym: I'm off to the gym to exercise
stingy: He was too stingy to buy a single present
Final 'll' 'ld' 'nd' alter vowels
'a' as in tall
all:
The dog ate up all my dinnerball: She kicked the ball into the net
call: Did you hear me call your name?
fall: Humpty-Dumpty had a great fall
hall: Go through the front door and into the hall
small: A small button fits a tiny hole
snowball: We made a big snowball to roll downhill
stall: Let's get an ice cream from that stall
tall: One tree stood tall above the rest
wall: We played with a ball against the wall
'i' as in kind
blind: Guide dogs help the blind get around
find: I must find my lost purse
grind: Mills grind corn to flour
kind: You were kind to help me out
mind: In my own mind I think I'm right
rind: Orange rind goes into marmalade
child: The child skipped along with a toy
mild: It was mild and sunny that spring
wild: Flowers grew wild in the meadow
'o' as in bold
bold: The brave man took another bold step
cold: The snowman stood frozen out in the cold
fold: Your card will stand up if you fold it
gold: Wedding rings are made from gold
hold: The vet let me hold the dog in my arms
old: This tree is a hundred years old
sold: Her little corner shop sold everything
told: Gulliver told the tale of his travels
Words with silent letters
Silent consonants
'..mb' as in lamb
climb:
He aims to climb to the topcomb: Do take this comb and tidy your hair
crumb: A crumb fell as she broke the biscuit.
lamb: A lamb soon becomes a sheep
limb: His left leg was the limb he broke
numb: My fingers are quite numb with cold
thumb: You hold your pen between finger and thumb
tomb: A moss-clad tomb stood outside the church
'gn' as in gnat
design: You need a design before you build
gnarl: Old age makes trees twist and gnarl
gnash: A dog will gnash his teeth in anger
gnat: The gnat will buzz and bite at night
gnome: I put a gnome by my garden pond.
reign: Queen Victoria's reign lasted sixty-five years
sign: A sign beside the road shows the way
'kn..' as in knee
knee: I fell and grazed my knee
kneel: People often kneel when praying
knew: After just one lesson I knew how to skate
knife: A good cook needs a sharp knife
knight: The brave knight rode a black horse
knit: Gran will knit me a jumper
knob: The knob turned and the door opened
knock: There came a loud knock at the door.
knot: I tied the rope with a firm knot.
'rh' as in rhyme
rhea: A rhea is like an ostrich, but from South America
rhetorical: A rhetorical question needs no answer
rhino: Four of the five species of rhino are endangered
rhombus: A rhombus has four equal sides
rhubarb: A rhubarb crumble needs sugar to make it sweet
rhyme: Words rhyme when their endings sound the same
rhythm: A strong pattern of sound is rhythm
'wr..' as in write
wrap: I must wrap his present neatly
wreck: The wreck was sunk in a storm.
wren: The little wren sings very loudly
wrench: A wrench is a kind of spanner
wring: My wrists were too weak to wring out the cloth
wrist: Hands twist from the wrist
write: I want to write him a letter
wrong: Stealing things is wrong
silent 'c' as in science
muscle: A muscle is an organ for moving a part of the body
scene: The stage was set for the opening scene
scent: Just smell the scent of this flower
science: Biology is the science of life
scientist: The scientist planned a careful experiment.
scissors: Use sharp scissors to cut paper and cloth
silent 'h' as in hour
heir: The crown prince was heir to the throne
honest: An honest person never lies
honour: It's an honour to have gained this award
hour: Sixty minutes make an hour
silent 'l' as in talk
calf: The cow licked her newborn calf
chalk: White chalk writes well on black
could: He said he could do magic
half: One is half of two
palm: I held the mouse in the palm of my hand
should: I should have trained then I would have won
stalk: The stalk supports the flower
talk: I like to talk to my friend
walk: He went for a long walk
would: I would rather fly than walk
yolk: An egg has a yellow yolk
silent 't' as in castle
castle: A big strong castle stood on a hill
glisten: Raindrops glisten in the sun
listen: I am trying to listen to the music
listening: Keep listening for the doorbell
rustle: I hear trees rustle in the breeze
thistle: A thistle is a prickly flower
whistle: The match ends when the whistle blows
wrestle: They wrestle in the ring for money
Silent vowels
'..gue' as in tongue
catalogue:
We order goods from a catalogueintrigue: This puzzle will intrigue you
league: Our netball team is set to win its league.
plague: A plague kills many far and wide
rogue: A rogue is not to be trusted
tongue: I licked the lolly with my tongue
vague: The trees were vague shapes in the fog
silent 'u' as in guess
biscuit: The dog sat up and begged for a biscuit
build: It takes many bricks to build a wall
disguise: He wore a beard to disguise himself
guarantee: My watch has a ten-year guarantee
guard: The guard stands by his sentry box
guess: Try to guess my age!
guest: The chat-show host welcomed the next guest
guide: Their mountain guide showed them the way
guilty: The jury found her guilty of theft
guitar: The electric guitar leads many bands
silent final 'e' as in have
because: We went indoors because of the rain
cheese: The mouse nibbled the cheese
give: Let me give you a present
have: Let's stop and have a rest
horse: The sad horse waited for his rider.
house: Their house has a blue door
love: The princess fell in love with the frog
pause: She worked all day without a pause
please: A dish of milk will please my cat
purse: All her cash was in her purse
Prefixes, suffixes, roots
"bigger, biggest"
easy > easier >easiest
easier:
It is an easy walk but an easier ride by buseasiest: The simplest work is often the easiest
funnier: Your jokes may be funny but mine are funnier
funniest: He was the funniest comedian in the show
happier: I am happier in jeans than in a suit
happiest: The happiest cat was the one who got the cream
healthier: Walking is healthier than driving
healthiest: Well-balanced meals are the healthiest
late > later > latest
fiercer: A cat is fiercer than a mouse
fiercest: A tiger is fiercest when defending her cubs
larger: As you grow up you need larger clothes
largest: Which animal has the largest feet?
simpler: A hut is simpler than a palace
simplest: The simplest ideas are often the best
whiter: Which detergent washes whiter than white?
whitest: The whitest shirt had no marks at all
old > older
deeper: If the North Sea is deep, the Atlantic is deeper
higher: Snowdon is high but Everest is higher
longer: His arms are long, but his legs are longer
older: That huge old oak is older than any of us
smaller: A mosquito is small but a midge is smaller
taller: Are you taller than your parents?
younger: A grandson is always much younger than his grandfather
old > oldest
deepest: How deep is the deepest ocean?
fastest: Who is the fastest runner of all?
highest: Which is the highest mountain?
longest: How long is the longest river?
oldest: How old is the oldest pyramid?
smallest: How small is the smallest house?
tallest: How tall is the tallest building?
youngest: How young was the youngest England footballer ever?
red > redder > reddest
bigger: An elephant is bigger than a mouse
biggest: How big is the biggest turkey ever?
hotter: The fire is hot and it is getting hotter
hottest: How hot was the hottest day ever?
redder: As they ran their red faces turned redder
reddest: Poppies are the reddest flowers of all
Common suffixes (Latin)
'..able'
acceptable:
Any shelter was acceptable in that stormbookable: Seats are bookable in advance
breakable: Glass windows are usually breakable
drinkable: Water from streams is not usually drinkable
enjoyable: Treats are enjoyable
reasonable: No reasonable request will be refused
'..ance'
allowance: I would like an allowance for buying clothes
appearance: Twins are often alike in appearance
attendance: School attendance is compulsory
clearance: The shop had a clearance sale before it closed down
disturbance: The low-flying aircraft caused a disturbance
performance: The play's first performance is tonight
'..ant'
hesitant: A baby's first steps are hesitant
ignorant: She was ignorant of the rules and committed a foul
important: It is important to look before crossing the road
significant: A fingerprint is a significant clue
triumphant: The winners came home triumphant
'..ence'
difference: There is a difference between apples and pears
evidence: The burglar left little evidence behind him
presence: She never swore in her mother's presence
reference: Look up more details in a reference book
silence: The absence of sound is silence
'..ent'
absorbent: You mop up spills with an absorbent cloth
different: Apples are different from oranges
excellent: Ten out of ten is an excellent result
independent: An independent person is self-reliant
persistent: Her persistent coughing never stopped
urgent: I have an urgent message to go home at once
'..ible'
accessible: Secret files are not accessible to the public
collapsible: Inflatable dinghies are also collapsible!
digestible: Humans don't find grass a digestible food
incredible: No one believed Gulliver's incredible story
responsible: The manager is responsible for choosing the team
reversible: She wore her reversible jacket furry side out
sensible: I trust you to make a sensible decision
visible: Saturn is visible to the naked eye
'..ious'
anxious: She was anxious to know if we were safe
furious: He's not just annoyed, he's furious
obvious: Something obvious needs no explanation
previous: He bought the car from its previous owner
serious: I tried not to laugh because he was serious
various: There are various ways of cooking potatoes
'..ive'
active: An active dog needs lots of walks
attractive: Only warthogs find other warthogs attractive
defective: A defective machine does not work
defensive: A defensive moat guarded the castle walls
effective: Hedgehog's spines make an effective defence
expensive: A diamond necklace is an expensive gift
impressive: The huge dinosaur left an impressive footprint
'..ment'
advertisement: An advertisement tries to attract your attention
development: Space travel is a recent development
measurement: A measurement finds the size of something
movement: Lots of movement will keep you fit
payment: One more payment and the guitar is mine
treatment: Rest is a treatment for flu
'..ous'
bulbous: Frogs have bulbous eyes
dangerous: It's dangerous to walk on thin ice
murderous: The monster attacked with murderous intent
poisonous: The death-cap is a poisonous toadstool
thunderous: Waves crashed ashore with a thunderous roar
'..sion' confuse > confusion
confusion: Mixed messages cause confusion
fusion: Their music is a fusion of jazz and rock
precision: He exactly positioned each tile with precision
profusion: The stalls spilled over with a profusion of goods
revision: The run-up to the exams is time for serious revision
tension: The nerve-racking wait caused mounting tension
conclusion: A conclusion is an ending
decision: Picking the right chocolate can be a difficult decision
division: Sharing things out is division
explosion: An explosion is a chemical reaction that runs out of control
invasion: An invasion is when an army enters a country with hostile intent
persuasion: Lengthy persuasion changed dad's mind at last
'..ssion' discuss > discussion
compression: We use compression to make things smaller
confession: He admitted everything in his confession
discussion: We exchanged ideas in friendly discussion
expression: Her face bore an expression of utter joy
impression: His polite manner made a good impression
possession: Her teddy bear is her favourite possession
'..tion' elect > election
collection: I would like this stamp for my collection
connection: You plug in the cable to make a connection
election: She was elected MP at the last election
exhibition: Local artists held an exhibition of their work
invention: The wheel was an early invention
suggestion: He made a brilliant suggestion for increasing sales
'..tion' relate > relation
completion: Finally, the house needs a roof for its completion
demonstration: We took the new car for a demonstration drive
illustration: The illustration on this page is by a well known artist
pollution: Car exhausts add to pollution
promotion: We're top of the league and so get promotion
relation: Anyone in my family is a relation
relegation: Our relegation followed last year's promotion
'..tion' solve > solution
evolution: The evolution of something is its development over time
resolution: My New Year's resolution lasted until March
revolution: The revolution swept the dictator from power
solution: The answer to a problem is its solution
'..ure'
adventure: Exploring the forest is quite an adventure
culture: A culture is the customs and traditions of a particular group
departure: The plane's departure was delayed by fog
failure: The pie burned, so dinner was a failure
moisture: The steamed-up walls glistened with moisture
pressure: Too much air pressure bursts a balloon
sculpture: A marble statue is a piece of sculpture
Common suffixes (OE)
'..en' gold > golden
earthen:
Their huts had earthen floorsgolden: The giant's goose laid golden eggs
silken: The silken threads are spun by caterpillars
wooden: Cooks often use a wooden spoon
woollen: My woollen jumper began life on a sheep
'..ern' east > eastern
eastern: The sun rose over the eastern hills
northern: The northern side is towards the North
southern: The southern side is towards the south
western: The sun sank behind the western hills
'..ful' truth > truthful
careful: She was careful to keep to the office routine
colourful: A bed of roses in bloom looks colourful
faithful: His faithful dog followed him everywhere
harmful: Poison is extremely harmful
powerful: Elephants are more powerful than ants
truthful: A truthful answer contains no lies
useful: I never throw useful things away
'..fully' careful > carefully
carefully: They carefully lifted the fragile pane of glass
cheerfully: The singing soldiers marched cheerfully on
faithfully: A letter starting 'Dear Sir' ends with 'Yours faithfully'
gracefully: The dancer moved gracefully across the floor
hopefully: My dog looks up hopefully for a treat
painfully: She ran on painfully with blistered feet
truthfully: He answered truthfully and told them no lies
'..iful' fancy > fanciful
beautiful: The snow-covered mountain looked beautiful
fanciful: His busy imagination produced fanciful ideas
merciful: The merciful pirate saved the drowning sailors
'..ily' happy > happily
angrily: Temper makes her shout angrily
bodily: Food and drink are vital bodily needs
busily: In spring the birds are busily building nests
easily: Her loose shoe came off easily
happily: The children laughed and played happily
hungrily: He hungrily scoffed two bags of chips
noisily: They left noisily, slamming doors and shouting
'..ish' fool > foolish
babyish: Five-year-olds think four-year-olds are babyish
darkish: My hair's darkish brown, not black
fiendish: The angry demon gave a fiendish howl
foolish: Don't I look foolish with this silly clown's nose?
greenish: The sea was more greenish than blueish
outlandish: The band were notorious for their outlandish clothes
smallish: I'll just have a smallish piece of cake
'..less' air > airless
aimless: They were wandering in an aimless way
airless: With no windows the tiny room felt airless
breathless: The climb left her breathless and panting
careless: It was careless to drop your banana skin
countless: There are countless stars in the sky
effortless: Experts make skills seem effortless
pointless: It is pointless trying to empty the sea with a bucket
'..like' life > lifelike
businesslike: Let's be businesslike and plan ahead
childlike: Although grown-up he kept a childlike love of making sandcastles
ghostlike: The spooky white shape gave a ghostlike moan
lifelike: The wax figure was uncannily lifelike
sportsmanlike: If you are sportsmanlike you are a good loser
warlike: The soldiers raised their spears is warlike manner
'..ly' friend > friendly
beastly: The monster howled a beastly howl
cowardly: The cowardly lion hid from the mouse
friendly: She welcomed us with a friendly smile
motherly: She cradled the child in a motherly way
queenly: She gave a queenly wave from the balcony
'..ly' wrong > wrongly
badly: My front wheel is badly twisted
bravely: Firemen bravely fight fires
quickly: Run quickly or you'll miss the bus
quietly: Tiptoe quietly in without a word
silently: He did not cry out but suffered silently
slowly: A slug slowly slithered across the path
suddenly: The door suddenly burst open
wrongly: My innocent friend was wrongly arrested
'..most' top > topmost
foremost: When I'm weary my foremost need is sleep
innermost: A maze of corridors led to the innermost hall
topmost: A bird perched high on the topmost branch
'..some' fear > fearsome
awesome: The awesome sight filled them with wonder
fearsome: His fearsome scowl scares little children
irksome: Your constant nagging is irksome
quarrelsome: That quarrelsome pair argue night and day
tiresome: I'm bored with tiresome chores
troublesome: My troublesome sister annoys me intensely
'..ward' up > upward
backward: Living in caves would be a backward step
downward: On the sledge we began our downward ride
forward: Many cars have five forward gears
homeward: The cattle wander homeward at milking time
upward: I looked at the sky with an upward glance
'..wise' like > likewise
clockwise: The hands on a watch turn clockwise
likewise: What Simon says, you do likewise
streetwise: A streetwise kid survives in a city
'..y' fun > funny
baggy: His baggy trousers were far too big
foggy: It's so foggy we can't see the way
funny: People laugh at funny things
furry: The mouldy bread had gone furry
muddy: They played in mud and got muddy
spotty: That spotty face could mean chicken-pox
starry: The moon was sailing in the starry sky
tinny: Tin whistles can make tiny tinny sounds
witty: A witty comment is funny but not always polite
'..y' grease > greasy
easy: I like simple and easy work
greasy: Elbow-grease cleans greasy dishes
hasty: The dog sniffed the crab then beat a hasty retreat
noisy: Loud machines make a workshop noisy
shady: It was cool beneath the shady trees
shiny: Sunlight glinted off their shiny armour
slimy: A slimy slug slid slowly across the path
tasty: Food that tastes good is tasty
'..y' greed > greedy
dirty: You play in dirt - you get dirty
greedy: My greedy dog ate all my dinner
messy: Finger-painting can be messy
rubbery: It's hard to chew rubbery food
sulky: He's sullen and sulky when he's told off
weighty: I cannot lift this weighty package
Common suffixes (OE, Fr)
'..craft' witch > witchcraft
handicraft:
Carving wooden spoons is a Welsh handicraftneedlecraft: Tapestries are examples of needlecraft
witchcraft: A witch was said to harm others by witchcraft
'..dom' free > freedom
boredom: With nothing to do I'd die of boredom
freedom: An uncaged bird has freedom to fly
kingdom: A king or a queen rules over a kingdom
officialdom: But for officialdom I could do what I like
stardom: Every budding band dreams of stardom
wisdom: Living and learning bring wisdom
'..en' tight > tighten
harden: The concrete took ages to harden
lighten: A bit of white paint will lighten the blue
strengthen: I used weights to strengthen my muscles
sweeten: You can use honey to sweeten drinks
tighten: Turn the screw to tighten it
weaken: Add more hot water to weaken your tea
'..ette' diminutive
cassette: A cassette is a handy way to buy music
cigarette: A cigarette is smaller than a cigar
courgette: A courgette is a baby marrow
maisonette: A maisonette is half house, half flat.
marionette: A marionette is a puppet on strings
serviette: I use my serviette to wipe my mouth
'..ful' cup > cupful
armful: I can't hold the baby and an armful of clothes
bucketful: A bucketful of water is enough to clean the car
cupful: A British cupful measures ten fluid ounces
mouthful: Gargle with a mouthful of salt water
spoonful: A spoonful of sugar sweetens coffee
'..hood'
adulthood: Does adulthood start at eighteen or twenty-one?
childhood: The old man's thoughts turned back to his childhood
falsehood: A falsehood is something which is not true
neighbourhood: He's the paper-boy for our neighbourhood
'..iness' bossy > bossiness
bossiness: I hate his bossiness when he orders me around
business: A business sells a product or service
happiness: Her happiness returned when she found her doll
juiciness: Ripe tomatoes are known for their juiciness
readiness: Cars keep a spare tyre in readiness for a puncture
'..let' diminutive
booklet: The booklet tells you how to work the video
droplet: A droplet of water trickled down the window
leaflet: The salesman put a leaflet through the door
piglet: A piglet is a baby pig
ringlet: She gave him a ringlet of her hair
starlet: She was a starlet who had small parts in films
'..ling' diminutive
gosling: Duckling is to duck as gosling to goose
nestling: The baby cuckoo is the only nestling left
seedling: An acorn becomes a seedling and then an oak
underling: I want the person in charge, not an underling!
yearling: A horse under two years old is a yearling
'..ness'
carelessness: Some bad driving is just carelessness
darkness: Out went the lights and we were in darkness
eagerness: He pushed me aside in his eagerness to win
fitness: Exercise helps maintain fitness
goodness: An apple is full of goodness
kindness: She showed kindness in helping the old man across the road
sadness: I felt sadness when my goldfish died
sickness: Paint fumes can cause sickness
'..ship'
citizenship: Her new country granted her citizenship
companionship: Lonely people crave companionship
friendship: Two pen-pals made a lifelong friendship
hardship: There is hardship when the money runs out
relationship: Ben and his dad have a good relationship
'..th' wide > width
health: An apple a day is good for your health
length: The length measures the horizontal extent of an object
ninth: The ninth time is when something has happened nine times
strength: He had the strength to lift the heavy weight
wealth: The lottery winner gave away all his wealth
width: The width of an object measures how wide it is
Further prefixes (Greek)
'a..'
amoral:
An amoral action is done without considering moralityapathy: A lack of interest is known as apathy
apolitical: Someone who has no interest in politics is apolitical
asymmetrical: Something asymmetrical has an irregular form
atom: An atom is the smallest unit an element can be divided into
'ambi..'
ambidextrous: An ambidextrous person uses both hands equally well
ambient: Something which surrounds is ambient
ambiguous: Something ambiguous is unclear
ambition: To have an ambition is to aim to do something special
ambivalent: Something ambivalent is not clear-cut
'amphi..'
amphibian: An amphibian is an animal at home on land and in water
amphibious: To be amphibious is to be at home on land or in water
amphitheatre: An amphitheatre is a space surrounded by tiers of seats
'ana..'
anachronism: An anachronism is something out of date
anagram: An anagram is a word with the letters mixed up
analysis: An analysis gains information from collected data
anatomy: The study of the structure of living things is anatomy
'arch..'
archangel: An archangel is a most important angel
archbishop: The archbishop is the chief bishop
architect: Someone who designs buildings is an architect
'auto..'
autograph: An autograph is a signature
automatic: If something is automatic it works by itself
automobile: An automobile is a word for motor car
autopilot: The autopilot on a plane will fly the plane by itself
'epi..'
epidemic: An epidemic is when a disease is caught by many people
epilogue: An epilogue can follow the end of a book
episode: An episode is a part of a television serial
epitaph: An epitaph tells briefly of a dead person's life
'hypo..'
hypochondriac: A hypochondriac believes he is always ill
hypocritical: It is hypocritical if you say one thing and do another
hypodermic: Anything under the skin is hypodermic
hypothesis: A theory which could be proved or disproved is a hypothesis
'mega..' big
megabyte: A megabyte is roughly one million bytes
megaphone: A megaphone makes your voice much louder
megastar: A megastar is a really famous person
megawatt: A megawatt is one million watts
'meta..'
metabolism: Our metabolism makes energy from food
metamorphosis: A change in state is a metamorphosis
metaphor: A metaphor compares things by saying one is the other
'micro..' little
microphone: A microphone is used to pick up sound
microscope: A microscope magnifies close-up objects
microwave: A microwave oven uses extremely high frequency radio waves
'para..'
parable: A parable is a story designed to give a moral lesson
parabola: A parabola is a curve
paradox: A paradox is unexpected but may be true
paragraph: A paragraph is a short but distinct piece of writing
parallel: Lines are parallel when they never get nearer
paramedic: A paramedic is someone who helps doctors
paranormal: Something paranormal appears to have no explanation
parasite: A parasite is a creature that lives on another
'sym.., syn..'
symmetry: Correspondence of parts either side of a line is symmetry
sympathy: Friends shared her sorrow with sympathy
symphony: A symphony is a big orchestral composition
symptom: A symptom is a sign of disease
syndicate: A syndicate is a group who combine for business purposes
syndrome: A syndrome is a group of recognised symptoms
synonym: A synonym has the same meaning as another word
synopsis: A synopsis is a summary of a book
'tele..' far
telegram: A telegram is a message sent by telegraph
telepathy: Using only your mind to communicate is called telepathy
telephone: You speak over a distance with a telephone
telescope: A telescope magnifies distant objects
television: A television receives pictures from afar
'anti..'
anticlimax: The end of a holiday is such an anticlimax
anticlockwise: The hands of a clock never turn anticlockwise
antidote: A dock leaf is an antidote for nettle stings
antifreeze: Car radiators need antifreeze in winter
antiseptic: Clean cuts with an antiseptic to kill bacteria
'bene..'
benefactor: A benefactor gives money to help others
benefit: A benefit is an advantage
benevolent: A benevolent person wishes well to others
'co..'
coerce: He is strong enough to coerce them to leave
coexist: If only all nations would coexist in peace!
cooperate: Let's cooperate and share the work
'co[ll]..'
collaborate: To work together with someone is to collaborate
collate: To collate is to gather information together
colleague: A colleague is someone from work
collect: To bring together or assemble is to collect
colloquial: A colloquial phrase is used in everyday language
'co[rr]..'
correct: To correct something is to make it right
correspond: We correspond when we write to each other
corroborate: To corroborate is to confirm
corrode: To corrode is to be eaten away
corrugated: Something corrugated is wrinkled in folds
corrupt: To corrupt somebody is to turn them from good
'contra
contradict: To contradict is to go against
contraflow: A contraflow means two-way traffic on one carriageway
contravene: To contravene a law is to break it
'extra..'
extraordinary: Something extraordinary is something quite remarkable
extrasensory: Powers beyond the normal senses are said to be extrasensory
extraterrestrial: Beyond the Earth is extraterrestrial
extravagant: To be extravagant is to spend too much
'i[ll]..'
illegal:
Something illegal is against the lawillegible: Writing which is impossible to read is illegible
illicit: If something is illicit it is not allowed
illogical: If something is against reason it is illogical
'i[rr]..'
irrational: To be irrational is to think without reason
irregular: Something which is irregular is not in order
irrelevant: If something is irrelevant it is unrelated to the subject
irreplaceable: There is no substitute for something irreplaceable
irresistible: Something irresistible cannot be stopped
irresponsible: An irresponsible act is a careless act
irreversible: Something irreversible cannot be changed back
'inter..'
interchange: Where one motorway meets another is an interchange
interfere: You interfere when you give an unwanted opinion
intermediate: An intermediate level is between an upper and a lower
international: Something occurring between nations is international
interrogate: To interrogate is to question closely
interrupt: To break in on someone is to interrupt them
interval: An interval is a gap between acts of a play
'intra.., intro..'
intravenous: Something within a vein is intravenous
introduce: To introduce is to bring together
introspection: To reflect on one's own thoughts is introspection
'mal[e]..'
malevolent: A malevolent person wishes ill on others
malfunction: A malfunction is when something does not work properly
malnutrition: Insufficient food leads to malnutrition
maltreat: To maltreat somebody is to treat them badly
'mani.., manu..'
manicure: A manicure is special treatment for the hands and nails
manipulate: To manipulate somebody is to use them to your advantage
manufacture: To manufacture is to make things on an industrial scale
manuscript: A manuscript is a piece of writing
'non..'
nonchalant: To be nonchalant is to be unconcerned
nonconformist: A nonconformist is a person who will not conform
nondescript: Something nondescript is unremarkable
nonentity: Something of no importance is a nonentity
nonplussed: To be nonplussed is to be baffled
'ob..'
object: An object is a material thing
obliged: If you are obliged to do something it is compulsory
obliterate: If you destroy something you obliterate it
observe: To observe is to watch carefully
obsolete: Something obsolete is out of date
obstacle: An obstacle is something which stands in the way
obstruct: To obstruct is to get in the way
obvious: Something obvious needs no explanation
'post..'
postdate: To postdate something is to give it a future date
postgraduate: A postgraduate student is studying after a first degree
postpone: To postpone is to put off
postscript: A postscript follows the end of a play, book or letter
'super..'
superfluous: Something superfluous is unnecessary
superimposed: One thing placed over another is superimposed on it
superlative: A superlative thing is better than all the rest
supernatural: Something supernatural does not obey nature's laws
supersede: To supersede is to replace
supersonic: A speed faster than the speed of sound is supersonic
superstitious: To be superstitious is to believe in omens and rituals
supervisor: A supervisor is a person in charge of others
'sus..'
suspect: A suspect is somebody under suspicion of wrongdoing
suspense: A built up state of waiting is called suspense
suspicious: To be suspicious is to have doubts about something
sustain: To sustain something is to keep it going
'trans..'
transatlantic: Something over the Atlantic Ocean is transatlantic
transfer: To transfer is to move something from one place to another
transform: To transform is to change shape
translate: To put words into another language is to translate
transmit: To transmit a programme is to send it out on radio or TV
transparent: Something which can be seen through is transparent
transport: My bike is both transport and exercise
'ultra..'
ultramarine: The colour ultramarine is deep blue
ultrasonic: Sounds too high to be heard by humans are ultrasonic
ultraviolet: Light waves too short be seen are ultraviolet
Further suffixes (L, Gr)
'..al'
animal:
A dog is a domestic animalannual: An annual event happens once a year
central: The hub is the central part of a wheel
equal: Each glass holds an equal amount
final: I have said my last word and that is final
hospital: A hospital is where people go to be made better
local: Our local school is just down the road
natural: She insisted her hair was its natural colour
personal: It was a personal matter and private to him
several: A family has several members
'..ar'
circular: A wheel is a circular shape
linear: A straight line is linear
lunar: Things relating to the moon are lunar
regular: Daily swimming was his regular routine
'..asm, ..ism'
atheism: The belief that there is no god is called atheism
criticism: Informed opinions make useful criticism
enthusiasm: Great interest is called enthusiasm
journalism: The profession of writing for the media is journalism
mechanism: A clockwork mouse has a complex mechanism
sarcasm: He said with sarcasm he'd love to wash up
'..ial'
aerial: An aerial helps to pick up radio signals
industrial: The industrial revolution was machine-made replacing man-made
material: Her new dress was made from a soft material
memorial: The names of the dead are on the memorial
radial: The spokes on a bicycle wheel are radial
terrestrial: Anything on the earth is terrestrial
'..ic'
alcoholic: An alcoholic drink contains alcohol
artistic: Someone with artistic talent painted this picture
athletic: His athletic build meant he could run fast
demonic: The foul fiend howled with demonic laughter
historic: The first flight to the moon was a historic event
magnetic: A magnetic substance can be attracted by a magnet
metallic: The robot made a metallic sound as he clanked along
'..id'
arid: No grass grew in that arid desert
fluid: The jelly was warm and still fluid
frigid: Without a coat I felt frigid with cold
humid: I feel damp and sticky on such a humid day
tepid: My tepid tea had stood too long
vivid: The fireworks left a vivid memory
'..ient'
convenient: It was more convenient to have the new sofa delivered
gradient: The gradient of the hill was very steep
ingredient: Flour is the main ingredient in pastry
nutrient: A little fat is an essential nutrient
obedient: A well-trained sheepdog is very obedient
'..ify'
beautify: To make something more beautiful is to beautify
classify: To classify is to sort things into groups
fortify: To fortify is to protect against attack
glorify: To glorify is to praise something highly
magnify: To magnify is to make something look bigger
modify: To modify something is to change it
mortify: To mortify is to embarrass deeply
'..ile'
agile: The agile gymnast did the splits
fertile: Crops grow better on fertile soil
fragile: The thin glass vase was very fragile
futile: Trying to empty the sea with a bucket is futile
hostile: A dog that bites is hostile
juvenile: A juvenile is a young person
mobile: You can walk and talk with a mobile phone
'..ine'
alpine: On the mountains alpine flowers grow
canine: Something canine is to do with dogs
crystalline: Common salt is a crystalline substance
divine: Many people believe in a divine being
elephantine: It is elephantine to be like an elephant
feline: To be feline is to act like a cat
saline: A saline solution is salty like the sea
'..ior'
exterior: An exterior paint protects outside walls
inferior: That flaking paint was an inferior brand
interior: An interior decorator repaints rooms
junior: The junior doctor was newly qualified
prior: We cannot ask him as he already has a prior appointment
senior: The senior doctor had many years' experience
superior: In the Army a major is superior to a captain
ulterior: An ulterior motive is a hidden reason for doing something
'..is'
analysis: An analysis gains information from collected data
basis: The basis of something is the foundation
bronchitis: Smoking will make bronchitis worse
diagnosis: The diagnosis of illness is to find its cause
emphasis: You underline a word for emphasis
oasis: An oasis is a green patch in the desert
paralysis: Inability to move is paralysis
synthesis: The synthesis of some materials is very hard
'..ology'
apology: An apology is saying you're sorry
mythology: The study of myths is mythology
technology: Applied science is called technology
theology: The study of religion is theology
'..ose'
comatose: The sleepy dog looked comatose
grandiose: The grandiose palace had many turrets
morose: To be morose is to be gloomy and out of sorts
'..scent'
adolescent: An adolescent is no longer a child and not yet an adult
convalescent: The convalescent was ready to leave hospital
effervescent: Sparkling lemonade is effervescent
fluorescent: She highlighted words with her fluorescent pen
incandescent: An incandescent object is hot enough to give off light
reminiscent: Her perfume was reminiscent of a cottage garden
Further suffixes (Latin)
'..age'
blockage:
The leaves in the drain caused the blockagecoverage: The coverage of the news item was very thorough
leakage: The leakage from the gas pipe caused the explosion
passage: The passage to her house was very dark at night
postage: A stamp is there to pay the postage
wastage: There is wastage when some of the fruit is bad
'..ancy'
buoyancy: A buoyancy aid will keep you afloat
discrepancy: There is a discrepancy when two accounts don't match
infancy: A nursemaid looked after him in his infancy
pregnancy: During pregnancy the baby grows within the womb
redundancy: You get redundancy pay when you lose your job
truancy: Skipping school is known as truancy
vacancy: There was a vacancy so she applied for the job
'..ary'
dictionary: A dictionary gives the meaning of words
library: A library houses a collection of books
necessary: If necessary we will send a replacement
ordinary: Do you want ordinary baked beans or curried beans?
temporary: A box made a temporary table
voluntary: It was voluntary work they did for free
'..ate' adjective
accurate: It takes an accurate shot to hit the bull
affectionate: My affectionate puppy licks my hand
immaculate: His crisp white shirt looked immaculate
literate: To be literate means able to read and write.
numerate: To be numerate is to understand sums
obstinate: Donkeys are well known for being obstinate
passionate: She's passionate about football and watches every game
'..ate' verb
activate: Pull this lever to activate the robot
dedicate: She asked the DJ to dedicate a song to her mum
donate: He is going to donate half his money to charity
motivate: Praise will motivate people to work better
operate: The doctors had to operate to save her life
punctuate: A comma can punctuate a sentence
vaccinate: The nurse needed to vaccinate the children against disease
'..cy'
accuracy: It takes accuracy to hit the bull's-eye
bankruptcy: The gambler lost all his money and declared bankruptcy
conspiracy: There was a conspiracy against the new king
delicacy: A delicacy is a treat to eat
diplomacy: A diplomat must be skilled in diplomacy
fallacy: It is a fallacy to say that time can run backwards
piracy: Robbery on the high seas is piracy
'..ice'
avarice: A greedy desire for wealth is avarice
cowardice: Not facing up to a challenge is cowardice
justice: Justice had been done when the murderer went to jail
malice: She did not like him so spoke of him with malice
prejudice: A prejudice is an unreasonable dislike
'..ience'
audience: The audience clapped as the play ended
conscience: Guilty conscience kept the thief awake
convenience: I buy ready-cooked food for convenience
obedience: I took my puppy for obedience training
patience: You need plenty of patience to train a puppy
'..iety'
anxiety: Before doing the bungee jump she was filled with anxiety
notoriety: Captain Kidd gained notoriety by being an infamous pirate
piety: Monks and nuns live lives of piety
society: A society is a group of people
variety: Sweets of every variety lined the shelves
'..ity'
morality: Doing the right thing is a question of morality
neutrality: The state of not taking sides is neutrality
possibility: Rain is unlikely, but it is a possibility
probability: In all probability it will rain in April
reality: I nodded off and lost touch with reality
'..mony'
acrimony: They spoke sharp words in bitter acrimony
ceremony: The wedding was a happy ceremony
matrimony: Weddings unite couples in matrimony
testimony: I believe the testimony of an honest witness
'..sion' convert > conversion
conversion: To change pounds to kilos you need a conversion table
diversion: There was a diversion due to roadworks
inversion: A reversal in order can be called an inversion
subversion: To plot against authority is subversion
'..ssion' concede > concession
accession: Elizabeth II became Queen at her accession
concession: A bus pass is a concession for cheaper travel
procession: The procession of carnival floats was spectacular
recession: A recession is when the economy slows down
'..tude'
altitude: The plane climbed to its cruising altitude
attitude: A positive frame of mind is a good attitude
fortitude: She bore her pain with fortitude
gratitude: She showed gratitude for his help
latitude: Lines of latitude are called parallels
longitude: Lines of longitude are called meridians
multitude: A multitude gathered to greet the band
solitude: Alone on his island, Crusoe found solitude
'..ule' diminutive
capsule: A capsule of medicine can be hard to swallow
globule: A globule of sweat ran down her forehead
granule: A granule of sugar makes a feast for a fly
minuscule: This tiny book has minuscule print
module: Astronauts used a module to land on the Moon
molecule: The least water you can get is a single molecule
schedule: The plane left late but landed on schedule
'..ure' create > creature
creature: The dodo's a creature that's now extinct
enclosure: We keep rabbits in a grassy enclosure
pleasure: A baby's smile gives everyone pleasure
Living word-formation
'-like'
flower-like:
Fireworks exploded flower-like in the skyfrog-like: He squatted frog-like by the pond
jewel-like: A jewel-like drop of water nestled in the leaf
pastry-like: The biscuits were pastry-like in texture
'-wise'
food-wise: A full fridge means you're OK food-wise
fun-wise: My job's poorly paid but fun-wise it's great
money-wise: My job's poor money-wise but I really enjoy it
transport-wise: Country life can be very hard, transport-wise
'anti-'
anti-noise: The drummer's dad was extremely anti-noise
anti-rust: Restore your rusty bike with our anti-rust paint
anti-work: I woke up this morning feeling very anti-work
anti-wrinkle: Keep your skin smooth with this anti-wrinkle cream
'ex-' (as former)
ex-boyfriend: Long after parting she met her ex-boyfriend again
ex-convict: The ex-convict intended to stay out of prison
ex-egg: Is a chicken an ex-egg?
ex-king: Boris, the ex-king, once ruled his country
ex-parrot: A dead parrot is an ex-parrot, says Monty Python
ex-serviceman: The ex-serviceman told tales of Army life
'pre-'
pre-book: We must pre-book our tickets for the concert
pre-punched: The holes are there in pre-punched paper
pre-Roman: This hill-fort goes back to pre-Roman times
'pro-'
pro-British: A Frenchman can be pro-British too
pro-cycling: I am pro-cycling yet seldom ride
pro-fitness: I am pro-fitness but I don't like training
pro-hunting: Some country folk are pro-hunting, some against
compound words
birthday: Your birthday marks the day you were born
dustbin: The dustbin is for household rubbish
handbag: She keeps her purse in her handbag
lipstick: Use lipstick to colour your lips
milkman: A milkman delivers milk
notebook: He jotted some notes in his notebook
sunset: The western sky glows red at sunset
windmill: Wind drives the sails of the windmill
Other common prefixes
'ab..'
abominable:
The abominable snowman is a mythical creatureabound: Autumn orchards abound with fruit
abrupt: The busy teacher gave an abrupt answer
absent: She was absent because she was ill
absorbent: You mop up spills with an absorbent cloth
abstain: I find it hard to abstain from eating sweets
absurd: A dog in trainers looks absurd
'ad..'
address: We have moved to our new address
adjacent: A wall divides us from the adjacent room
admire: I admire your neat handwriting
admission: The museum charges for admission
adore: I would adore a choc-ice
adventure: Exploring the forest is quite an adventure
advice: Ask for advice if you are unsure what to do
advise: A lawyer is paid to advise you
'com..'
comfort: I love the comfort of my own armchair
command: The sheepdog obeys his master's command
comment: My comment was just a passing remark
company: Come and keep me company on my walk
compare: You cannot compare dogs and oranges
complete: One more piece makes the puzzle complete
composed: The Beatles composed their own music
'con..'
concern: Her mother felt concern for the tiny child
concert: The school choir gave a concert at the town hall
condemn: Don't condemn me until you hear me out
confront: I'll confront the reporters face to face
connect: You'll need to connect this hose to the tap
conquer: The general set out to conquer the rebels
contain: I counted to ten to contain my anger
continue: Roadworks can continue for ages
'de..' as very
deliver: The postman knocked to deliver a parcel
demand: The gas company sent a final demand for payment
deserve: After all this work I deserve a rest
devastate: A huge flood can devastate wide areas
'de..' down, from, away
defence: Castle walls made a strong defence
defer: Let's defer the meeting until John can be here
deflate: That pin could deflate my ball
descend: We watched the balloon descend to the ground
describe: Let me describe the view for you
destroy: You can destroy weeds by pulling them up
detergent: This detergent is said to wash off grease
'dis..'
disappointed: She was so disappointed to lose
discovery: A little hidden beach was our great discovery
disgusting: That greasy sink looks disgusting
dismay: With utter dismay they saw the boat sink
disposable: We throw our baby's disposable nappies away
'ex..' out of
excavate: The bulldozers rolled in to excavate the site
except: February has 28 days except in leap years
excluding: The price is two pounds excluding postage
excursion: Let's go on the excursion to the theme park
exit: You leave the building by the nearest exit
export: We export cars to many countries
extract: The dentist pulled hard to extract the tooth
'im..'
imbalance: An imbalance exists between rich and poor nations
immaculate: His crisp white shirt looked immaculate
immediate: A drowning man needs immediate help
immense: The extent of the sea is immense
immune: The immune system protects the body from infection
impede: Thick weed in the canal would impede our boat
'im..' as into
imbibe: Let us imbibe some fine ale, my good man
immerse: I just immerse myself in a bath to relax
immigrant: The immigrant settled well into his new country
implode: Pressure from outside made the flask implode
imply: Yawns imply that you are tired
import: We import bananas because they don't grow here
improve: I hope my spelling will improve with practice
'in..' as into
include: I'll include a card with my gift
infect: Bacteria can infect an open wound
infer: What can you infer from these results?
inflate: You'll need a pump to inflate an airbed
inhabited: A light in the window showed the house was inhabited
inspire: He needs music to inspire him to write
instruct: An instructor is there to instruct his pupils
intend: I intend to swim a mile
'in..' as negative
individual: Airlines serve meals on individual trays
inevitable: It is as inevitable as day follows night
infant: A very young infant can't yet talk
injury: Her scar came from a football injury
innocent: As he had done no wrong he was innocent
'per..'
percolate: Rain will percolate through sandy soil
perforation: A stamp tears off at the perforation
perfume: This perfume smells of roses
permanent: The ink made a permanent mark on her shirt
permit: This permit will let me fish here
perspire: Posh people perspire but never sweat
pervade: Does the smell of cooking pervade the house?
‘pre..’
predict: Meteorologists aim to predict the weather
prefer: I much prefer bananas to apples
preserve: Pickling onions will preserve them
preside: The chairperson will preside at all meetings
presume: I presume it's windy because the trees are swaying
pretend: If I don't know the answers I just pretend I do
prevent: Brushing teeth helps prevent tooth decay
'pro..' before
proceed: I'll proceed with the plans today, OK?
process: Weaving a carpet is a lengthy process
progress: They made steady progress up the hill
promise: I made a promise to be on time
propose: I would like to propose some changes
prospect: A picnic tomorrow is a pleasant prospect
protect: A helmet should protect a rider's head
protest: A letter of protest set out their complaints
're..'
rearrange: I'm busy, so can I rearrange our meeting?
recollect: She closed her eyes to recollect the song
record: Will you record tonight's match for me, please?
referee: The referee blew his whistle for full-time.
rehearse: Will you hear me rehearse my song?
relief: It was a relief when the rescuers found them
remove: Please remove your shoes inside the tent
request: She rang the radio station to request her song
'sub..'
subdue: It's hard to subdue a crowd of noisy kids
subject: English is my favourite subject
submarine: A submarine travels below the waves
submerged: The submarine submerged below the waves
subside: They waited for the floods to subside
subtract: If you subtract three from five you get two
suburbs: She lives in the suburbs to the north of the city
People/place suffixes
'..ant'
assistant:
The conjuror pretended to saw his assistant in twoattendant: An attendant cleans the toilets every hour
descendant: Prince Charles is a descendant of Queen Victoria
immigrant: The immigrant settled well into his new country
informant: An informant led the police to the stolen goods
inhabitant: The kangaroo is an inhabitant of Australia
servant: A soldier is the servant of his country
'..ar'
beggar: The beggar asked passers-by for money
burglar: A burglar ransacked their home
liar: You can't trust a liar to tell the truth
scholar: A scholar is an old name for a pupil
vicar: A vicar is in charge of an Anglican parish
'..ary'
adversary: Her opponent made a worthy adversary
dignitary: The Lord Mayor is a dignitary of the City
missionary: A missionary is sent to teach a faith
secretary: A good secretary keeps his boss's secrets
'..ary' places
apiary: Bees are kept in an apiary
aviary: Birds are kept in an aviary
dispensary: You collect prepared medicines from a dispensary
granary: A granary is for storing grain
library: A library houses a collection of books
'..cian'
beautician: A beautician advised her on her make-up
electrician: An electrician re-wired the house
magician: The magician took a rabbit from his hat
musician: A musician may play many kinds of music
optician: The optician told me I needed glasses
politician: A politician is a person engaged in politics
'..ee'
absentee: The absentee meant to miss the test
employee: The bus-driver is an employee of the Bus Company
payee: A cheque is made out to the payee
referee: The referee blew his whistle for full-time.
refugee: The refugee fled his land because of famine
trainee: Each trainee learned a different skill
'..eer'
auctioneer: 'Going, going, gone' says the auctioneer
engineer: Our engineer will repair a failed machine
mountaineer: It takes a skilled mountaineer to climb Everest
pioneer: A pioneer is one of the first to develop a new discovery
volunteer: As a volunteer I work for free
'..ent'
agent: The footballer's agent organised his transfer
correspondent: My friend is darts correspondent for the local paper
president: Washington was the first president of the USA
resident: My Gran is a resident at a retirement home
student: While I am learning I am still a student
'..er'
builder: The builder built his own house
cleaner: The classroom would be messy without our cleaner
farmer: The farmer made hay for his animals
painter: A good painter takes care of her brushes
speaker: The speaker at the rally inspired many people
teacher: Our teacher needs lots of patience
worker: An ant is a very hard worker
'..ery' places
bakery: Bread is the main thing baked in a bakery
brewery: Beer is brewed in a brewery
cemetery: People are buried in a cemetery
colliery: Coal is mined in a colliery
monastery: A monastery is a place for monks to pray or meditate
surgery: A local doctor sees patients at a surgery
'..ess'
actress: A young actress plays the part of Juliet
empress: Emperor or empress rule over an empire
mistress: A woman teacher was once called a mistress
princess: So the prince and princess lived happily ever after
stewardess: A stewardess served meals during the flight
tigress: The tigress fiercely defends her cubs
waitress: A smiling waitress brought our tea
'..ist'
balloonist: Up up and away the balloonist soars.
biologist: A biologist studies living things
chemist: A chemist sells tablets for headaches
cyclist: The cyclist pedalled hard to climb the hill.
florist: A florist is very busy on Mother's Day
guitarist: A guitarist plays by strumming his strings
journalist: He's a journalist and writes for the local paper
pianist: The pianist ran his fingers lightly over the keys
'..or'
actor: A good actor can play many parts
decorator: I need a decorator to paper this room
director: Steven Spielberg is a famous director
editor: The editor decides what goes in the paper
narrator: The narrator is the one who tells the tale
sailor: A sailor is seldom sick at sea
sculptor: This stone statue is the work of a sculptor
visitor: I can't show you the way as I'm just a visitor
'..ory' places
dormitory: A dormitory is a large room where many people sleep
factory: A factory is a place for making things
laboratory: Research and experiments are done in a laboratory
lavatory: The word lavatory means a place where you wash
observatory: An observatory is built for observing the heavens
territory: Any area of land can be called a territory
'..ry' places
country: He left his own country to go abroad
dairy: Butter and cheese are made in a dairy
foundry: Metals get melted and shaped in a foundry
quarry: Building stone is dug from this deep quarry
'..ster'
fraudster: It was a fraudster pretending to be me.
pollster: A pollster tries to find out what people think
songster: A blackbird is a tuneful songster
speedster: A speedster can risk his own life and others
trickster: Some trickster put custard in my bed!
youngster: The foal ran really fast for a youngster
Prefixes (Latin) on real words
'de..'
decamp:
If the floods rise all campers must decampdecode: Spies have to decode their messages
deforested: Trees grew here before it was deforested
defrost: Get the bread from the freezer and let it defrost
dethrone: The king's enemies planned to dethrone him
'dis..' as negative
disagree: You can disagree and yet not quarrel
disappear: Soap powder makes dirt disappear
disconnect: Pull out the plug to disconnect the television
disease: Doctors aim to cure disease
dislike: I will not eat things I dislike
distrust: I don't jump from planes as I distrust parachutes
'en..'
enable: This ticket will enable me to see the match
encircle: She planted a border to encircle the lawn
encourage: The crowd was singing to encourage the team
enforce: A policeman's job is to enforce the law
engulf: Waves rose up to engulf the ship
enlarge: When you enlarge a photo you show more detail
enrich: More butter would enrich this pudding
'im..' as negative
immature: The seedlings are too immature to plant outside
immortal: Would you like to be immortal and never die?
impatient: The crowd was impatient for kick-off
imperfect: Garments with a fault are sold as imperfect
impolite: He was far too kind to be impolite
impossible: Life on the sun could well be impossible
'in..' as negative
inactive: The old volcano has long been inactive
incredible: No one believed Gulliver's incredible story
indignity: What an indignity when his trousers fell down
inhuman: A cry rang out, unearthly and inhuman
insincere: An insincere person does not mean what they say
invalid: Unsigned cheques are invalid
'mis..'
mishap: The broken window was just a mishap
mislead: Don't let his flattery mislead you
misprint: This wrong spelling must be a misprint
misspell: If you spell this word right you won't misspell it
mistimed: He scored when the goalie mistimed his save
mistreat: To scribble in a library book is to mistreat it
misunderstood: I misunderstood your directions and got lost
misuse: It's a misuse of a car to stand on its roof
'pre..'
precooked: Make sure your precooked meal is properly heated
prefix: Name a prefix that means 'before'
prehistoric: We have no written records from prehistoric people
prepacked: I bought a prepacked lunch
preschool: My little sister is still at preschool playgroup
're..'
rehouse: I made a new hutch to rehouse my rabbit
renew: I need to renew my library book
replace: I bought this book to replace one I lost
replay: If the teams draw there will be a replay
review: I need to review what I have learned
Prefixes (OE) on real words
'a..'
across:
He waved to us from across the riveralike: Many twins look alike
along: A path runs along the riverbank
aloud: She read her story aloud to the class
around: The pony trots around the ring
aside: He stood aside to let her pass
asleep: She fell asleep as her head touched the pillow
awake: Unable to sleep, he lay awake all night
'al..'
almost: One mile to go and our train is almost there
already: You can't have another sweet because you've already had one
also: My bedroom is also my den
although: He didn't cry although his hand hurt
always: The sun always rises in the east
'be..'
because: We went indoors because of the rain
before: Unwrap a sweet before you eat
behind: The cart goes behind the horse
below: Fish swim below the waves
beneath: The grass was soft beneath her feet
beside: Come and sit here beside me
between: The ball must go between the posts to score
beyond: The sea lies beyond those hills
'for..'
forbidden: It is forbidden to play on the grass
forget: I hope I never forget my name
forgive: Please forgive me for interrupting
forsake: Do not forsake a friend in trouble
'fore..'
forecast: Rain is forecast for tomorrow
forecourt: You'll find a phone on the station forecourt
forefinger: You point with your forefinger
foreground: She drew trees in the foreground and hills behind
forehead: His hair flopped over his forehead
foreman: The foreman made sure the job was done
foresee: We cannot foresee the future
forewarn: Dark clouds may forewarn of a storm
'forth..'
forthcoming: I begged for money but none was forthcoming
forthright: A plain speaking man gives a forthright answer
forthwith: One moment, my lord, and I'll be with you forthwith
'un..' as negative
uncertain: She felt uncertain which frog to kiss
unfair: It's unfair to give her a bigger cake
unfriendly: The unfriendly folk next door don't speak
unknown: His hideaway was unknown to the police
unsafe: That rickety chair is unsafe
untidy: Rubbish makes the place untidy
untrue: Her made-up tale was quite untrue
unwell: He felt so unwell he went to bed
'un..' as undoing actions
uncover: He pulled off the cloth to uncover the statue
undo: Do you undo your laces to take off your trainers?
unearth: The dog dug deep to unearth his bone
unload: They had to unload the boxes off the truck
untwist: You untwist the paper to get the toffee
unwrap: I tore the paper to unwrap my present
'with..'
withdraw: He had to withdraw his hasty remark
withhold: People often withhold their best efforts till last
withstand: A strong oak can withstand many gales
Prefixes of quantity
'bi.., bin..' twice
bicycle:
Now she can ride her bicycle without stabilisersbinary: The binary system counts in twos
binoculars: You can use binoculars to see things far away
biscuit: The dog sat up and begged for a biscuit
'cent..' hundred
centipede: A centipede has one hundred legs
centurion: A centurion was an officer in charge of one hundred men
century: A century is one hundred years
'du..' two
duel: The knight challenged him to a duel
duet: The two boys together sang a duet
duo: Everyone agreed the two singers made a great duo
duplicate: A photocopier will make a duplicate
'kilo..' thousand
kilohertz: A kilohertz is a thousand cycles per second
kilometre: A kilometre is a thousand metres
kilowatt: A kilowatt is a measure of power
'mill..' thousand
millennium: A millennium is one thousand years
millilitre: One millilitre is one thousandth of a litre
millimetre: One millimetre is one thousandth of a metre
millisecond: One millisecond is one thousandth of a second
'mono..' one
monocle: A monocle is a single eyeglass
monocycle: A monocycle has just one wheel
monogamy: To have just one spouse is monogamy
monopoly: A monopoly means there's only one supplier
'multi..' many
multimedia: Combining different types of media is multimedia
multiplication: With multiplication you increase by a number of times
multipurpose: Something with many uses is multipurpose
multitude: A multitude gathered to greet the band
'omni..' all
omnipotent: An omnipotent person is all-powerful
omniscient: An omniscient being knows everything
omnivorous: If you are omnivorous you will eat anything
'pan.., panto..' all
panacea: A panacea is a cure for everything
panning: I was panning the beach with my video camera
panorama: A panorama is an overall view
pantomime: A pantomime is a Christmas show
'poly..' many
polygon: A polygon is a figure with several sides
polytechnic: A polytechnic is a place to study technology
polythene: Polyethylene or polythene is a plastic
'prim..' first
primary: Your first proper school is a primary school
primate: An ape is a primate
prime: A prime number cannot be divided
primitive: Something primitive is very simple
'quad..' four
quadrant: A quadrant is a quarter of a circle
quadrilateral: A quadrilateral has four sides
quadruplet: A quadruplet is one of four babies born together
'semi..' half
semicircle: A semicircle is one half of a circle
semicolon: A semicolon is more than a comma and less than a full stop
semiconductor: A semiconductor only conducts electricity in special conditions
'tri..' three
tricycle: A tricycle has three wheels
trio: A trio is a group of three players
triple: To triple anything is to multiply it by three
tripod: A tripod is an object with three legs
'uni..' one
unicorn: I've read of the unicorn with its single horn
uniform: Soldiers have to wear uniform
unique: Everyone is different, so we are all unique
unit: The kilogram is the unit of mass
Roots (Latin)
annus year
anniversary:
A birthday is an anniversaryannual: An annual event happens once a year
annuity: A payment every year is called an annuity
biennial: A biennial event happens every two years
perennial: A perennial plant flowers for years
aqua water
aqualung: An aqualung lets you breathe underwater
aquamarine: An aquamarine is a blue-green gem
aquarium: An aquarium is a tank for fish
aqueduct: An aqueduct is a bridge carrying water
subaqua: A subaqua club is for diving
cavus hollow
cave: A cave is an underground hollow
cavity: A hole in a tooth is a cavity
concave: A concave mirror curves inwards
excavate: The bulldozers rolled in to excavate the site
ducere, ductum to lead
aqueduct: An aqueduct is a bridge carrying water
conductor: A conductor helps the orchestra to keep time
deduct: To deduct money is to take it away
ductile: A ductile metal is easily drawn out into wire
duke: A duke is a man with a title
education: The process of learning is education
introduce: To introduce is to bring together
product: A product is something that is made
fortis strong
comfort: I love the comfort of my own armchair
effort: To make an effort is to try hard
force: The force of the gale made cars overturn
fortify: To fortify is to protect against attack
fortress: A fortress is a fortified place of defence
reinforce: I reinforce something to make it stronger
mittere, missum send
admission: The museum charges for admission
commission: Players pay their agent a commission
missile: A rocket weapon is called a missile
missionary: A missionary is sent to teach a faith
omission: It was a sad omission, leaving Eric out of the team
permission: To allow something is to give permission
transmission: A radio broadcast is a transmission
mors, mortis death
immortal: Would you like to be immortal and never die?
mortal: A mortal illness ends in death
mortgage: A loan for a house is a mortgage
mortify: To mortify is to embarrass deeply
murderous: The monster attacked with murderous intent
pendere to hang
appendix: An appendix is a dead end in the gut
depend: To depend is to rely on something
independent: An independent person is self-reliant
pendant: A pendant hangs from the neck
pending: Something pending is waiting to be done
pendulum: A pendulum is a swinging weight
suspense: A built up state of waiting is called suspense
portare carry
export: We export cars to many countries
import: We import bananas because they don't grow here
portable: He takes his portable TV to bed
report: A report carries information
support: That shelf won't support your weight
scribere, scriptum write
description: A description tells in detail what something is
inscribe: Will you inscribe our names on the trophy?
nondescript: Something nondescript is unremarkable
postscript: A postscript follows the end of a play, book or letter
scribble: To scribble is to write untidily
scribe: A scribe wrote letters for a living
script: She wrote the script for the puppet play
terra the Earth
extraterrestrial: Beyond the Earth is extraterrestrial
inter: To inter someone is to bury them
subterranean: Below the ground is subterranean
terrace: A terrace is ground that rises in steps
terrain: A terrain is a tract of land
terrier: A terrier is a small dog
videre, visum - to see
advice: Ask for advice if you are unsure what to do
envy: His wealth makes me green with envy
invisible: If a thing is unseen it is invisible
provide: Flowers provide bees with nectar
revision: The run-up to the exams is time for serious revision
survey: To do a survey is to collect information about something
television: A television receives pictures from afar
videos: Video recorders are often called videos
Roots(Greek)
aer air
aerobatics:
Stunts in the air are called aerobaticsaerobics: Strenuous rhythmic exercises are called aerobics
aerodrome: An aerodrome is a small airfield
aerodynamic: Air flows easily over an aerodynamic shape
aeroplane: An aeroplane is a machine that flies
aster star
asterisk: An asterisk is a starlike symbol
asteroid: An asteroid is a small body circling the Sun
astronaut: An astronaut is a voyager in Space
astronomy: The study of the heavens is called astronomy
disaster: A disaster is a terrible happening
bios life
amphibious: To be amphibious is to be at home on land or in water
antibiotic: An antibiotic kills bacteria
biography: A biography is a book about someone's life
biology: The study of life is biology
biosphere: The biosphere is the part of Earth supporting life
chronos time
anachronism: An anachronism is something out of date
chronic: A chronic illness is one that keeps on and on
chronicle: A chronicle is a diary of past events
chronology: The setting down of dates is chronology
synchronous: Two events at the same time are synchronous
gramma letter
anagram: An anagram is a word with the letters mixed up
diagram: A diagram is a plan of something on paper
grammar: The study of the rules of a language is its grammar
gramophone: A gramophone plays music from vinyl discs
hologram: A hologram can show a solid-looking picture
programme: A menu of events is called a programme
graphe
autograph: An autograph is a signature
geography: Geography is about more than maps
graph: A graph makes a picture from numbers
graphite: A graphite pencil uses a form of carbon
paragraph: A paragraph is a short but distinct piece of writing
photograph: Without a camera you cannot take a photograph
hydor water
dehydrated: If something is dried up it is dehydrated
hydraulic: A hydraulic motor is worked by fluid
hydrofoil: A hydrofoil is a craft that skims on water
hydrogen: The lightest element is hydrogen
hydrotherapy: Treatment by immersion in water is hydrotherapy
logos word
biology: The study of life is biology
dialogue: A conversation between two people is a dialogue
illogical: If something is against reason it is illogical
prologue: A prologue is spoken at the start of a play
technology: Applied science is called technology
phileein to love
anglophile: An anglophile is a lover of England
philanthropist: A philanthropist gives much of his wealth for charity
philatelist: A philatelist collects stamps
philosopher: A philosopher studies the nature of knowledge
phone sound
cacophony: A cacophony is a hideous noise
gramophone: A gramophone plays music from vinyl discs
microphone: A microphone is used to pick up sound
phonetics: The study of spoken language is called phonetics
symphony: A symphony is a big orchestral composition
telephone: You speak over a distance with a telephone
photos light
photocopier: A photocopier uses light to make copies
photogenic: It is easy to take a good photo of a photogenic person.
photograph: Without a camera you cannot take a photograph
photon: A photon is a particle of light
photosynthesis: Plants use photosynthesis to obtain energy
telephoto: A telephoto lens makes a scene seem closer
polis city
cosmopolitan: A cosmopolitan person knows many parts of the world
metropolis: A metropolis is a great city
politician: A politician is a person engaged in politics
politics: Politics is the art of government
scopeein view
microscope: A microscope magnifies close-up objects
periscope: A periscope lets you look round corners
scope: The scope of something is its range
stethoscope: A stethoscope is to hear sounds from the chest
telescope: A telescope magnifies distant objects
techne art or skill
polytechnic: A polytechnic is a place to study technology
pyrotechnics: The art of fireworks is called pyrotechnics
technical: The concert was late from a technical hitch
technician: A technician looks after the equipment in a laboratory
technology: Applied science is called technology
technophobia: The fear of technology is technophobia
theos a god
atheist: An atheist believes there is no god
enthusiasm: Great interest is called enthusiasm
theology: The study of religion is theology
zoon animal
protozoan: A protozoan is a member of the simplest life forms
zodiac: The zodiac is the collection of 12 star signs
zoo: A zoo was once called a zoological garden
zoology: The study of animals is called zoology
Suffixes for plurals
baby > babies
babies:
Two babies yowl louder than onecities: Our cities suffer from too much traffic
daisies: How many daisies make a daisy chain?
families: Many families go on holiday together
pennies: She saved her pennies until she made a pound
ponies: Lots of ponies entered the pony show
puppies: The smallest puppy joined the other puppies
stories: There are three great stories in this book
dot > dots
apples: She cuts up apples for an apple pie
dots: Try to make a pattern of dots
frills: Her skirt is trimmed with frills
hills: This is a land of hills and valleys
spots: She had spots when she was ill
half > halves
halves: Football is a game of two halves
knives: Bring knives, forks, spoons and a bread knife
loaves: Half a loaf is better than no loaves at all
shelves: It's on the lower shelf of the shelves by the window
thieves: The thief knew where the other thieves went
wives: King Henry had six wives
wolves: One wolf is the leader of a pack of wolves
hero > heroes
cargoes: The ships carried cargoes of tea and spices
dominoes: A set of dominoes has twenty-eight tiles
echoes: Their voices made echoes inside the cavern
heroes: Our winning team came home heroes
potatoes: Chips are sliced and fried potatoes
tomatoes: Are tomatoes fruit or vegetables?
volcanoes: Mounts Etna and Vesuvius are volcanoes
irregular plurals
children: The child ran to join the other children outside
feet: She had no shoes on her feet
geese: This golden goose differs from ordinary geese
lice: Two lice are twice the price of a single louse
men: Two men helped the young man to safety
mice: The mouse had a family of baby mice
salmon: I saw two salmon leap up a waterfall
sheep: I counted sheep yet couldn't sleep
teeth: The tooth fairy didn't come for any of my teeth
women: Mothers are women with children
kilo > kilos
embryos: Unborn animals are known as embryos
kilos: How many kilos do you weigh?
photos: I have put my photos in this album
pianos: Two pianists played on separate pianos
radios: TV's are usually more expensive than radios
solos: The solos were sung by each singer in turn
videos: Video recorders are often called videos
kiss > kisses
boxes: I'll just pile this box on top of these boxes
brushes: She put her clean brush with the other brushes
coaches: Our coach was the first of the six coaches
kisses: Her letter ends with a row of kisses
matches: Lots of matches fit in a matchbox
monkey > monkeys
boys: All men were once boys
guys: The dummies made for bonfires are called guys
keys: Locks are opened with keys
monkeys: Playful monkeys were swinging by their tails
toys: The toyshop was piled high with toys
trays: The twins had breakfast in bed on trays
ways: There are lots of ways to play cards
roof > roofs
beliefs: She shared her parents beliefs in old wives tales
chefs: Some chefs won't share their cooking secrets
chiefs: The chiefs of the tribes all met together
cliffs: Tall cliffs rise out of the sea
roofs: Here the roofs of houses have red tiles
Suffixes for tenses
'..ed' cry > cried
cried:
Everyone cried at the weepy old filmdried: I dried the dog with my towel
fried: He fried his egg in the frying pan
hurried: They hurried to get to the match on time
married: The bride and groom have just got married
worried: I worried until my test results arrived
'..ed' date > dated
amused: We were amused by his witty cartoons
dared: No-one dared move for fear of rocking the boat
dated: She dated the letter at the top
droned: The dreary voice droned on and on
hoped: My birthday was as good as I had hoped
moved: New neighbours have moved in next door
'..ed' hop > hopped
grabbed: He threw the rope and she grabbed it
hopped: He hopped as far as he could in one jump
knitted: I'm wearing the jumper Gran knitted for me
nodded: She nodded her head to say yes
slammed: As he marched out he slammed the door
sunned: The cat sunned herself in the warm sun
'..ed' radio > radioed
echoed: Voices echoed through the empty cave
radioed: 'Mayday, Mayday' radioed the stranded ship
vetoed: The boss vetoed any plan he disapproved of
videoed: We videoed last night's film to watch tonight
'..ed' sounding as "d"
growled: The watch dog growled a low warning
poured: He poured the tea into two large mugs
rained: It rained all day and we were soaked
sailed: His ship sailed on the tide
showed: She opened the book and showed them the picture
teamed: The tennis players teamed up into pairs
'..ed' sounding as "ed"
crowded: We crowded into the tiny room
delighted: We were delighted to hear your good news
greeted: She greeted me with a hug
mended: She mended the puncture and rode away
painted: I painted the picture you see on the wall
shouted: He shouted for help at the top of his voice
waited: I waited for ages for him to turn up
wounded: An arrow wounded the stag as he fled
'..ed' sounding as "t"
asked: My mother asked thousands of questions
crashed: The runaway train crashed into the buffers
dressed: He dressed and came downstairs
jumped: He jumped into the lake
puffed: He huffed and he puffed and he blew the house down
reached: At long last they reached their journey's end
'..ing' rub > rubbing
digging: I'll dig where I was digging yesterday
getting: I'm getting too big for my clothes
hopping: If you try to run with one leg you are hopping
rubbing: Aladdin was rubbing the lamp to clean it
swimming: He is swimming under the water
'..ing' care > caring
caring: I was caring for my cousin's cat
coming: Mother is coming to see us tomorrow
hoping: I'm hoping Mum won't be mad
moving: We're moving away next week
writing: The children were writing a letter home
'..ing' grin > grinning
grinning: She was grinning from ear to ear
panicking: She is panicking because she has not done the work
referring: I was referring to your brother, not you
travelling: I was travelling by train
'..ing' visit > visiting
carpeting: I was carpeting the floor when I lost my mouse
happening: Darkness hid what was happening
limiting: I am limiting myself to one sweet a day
targeting: The girls were targeting water-pistols at the boys
visiting: I can't show you the way as I'm just visiting
'..ing' wait > waiting
carrying: I put on the coat I was carrying
dreaming: I'm dreaming of winning the lottery
going: We are going to the fair
standing: Your elephant is standing on my toe
waiting: I'll be waiting all day for the phone to ring
'..ing' with eye ..ie ..o ..oe
echoing: Their voices were echoing through the cavern
eyeing: A hungry boy was eyeing cakes in the window
hoeing: He was hoeing his garden to keep down weeds
lying: She was lying in bed till noon
radioing: The captain is radioing for help
shoeing: The blacksmith was shoeing the horse in the yard
tying: I am tying the parcel with string
vetoing: The boss says he is vetoing the plan
'..s' cry > cries
carries: The waiter carries a tray of drinks
cries: My sister cries at weepy old films
dries: Hot air dries wet hair
hurries: Everyone hurries to get to the match in time
worries: My mum worries about me when I'm late home
Further explorations
Homophones
3-way homophones
their:
The kittens lost their mittensthere: We're standing here but the bus stops over there
they're: My parents think they're really cool.
to: I went to the fair
too: My two cats are too lazy to go out
two: We have one nose but two eyes
consonant phonemes
hole: The pirate dug a hole to hide his gold
knew: After just one lesson I knew how to skate
know: I know that tomorrow never comes!
new: I would like a new bike for my birthday
no: Shake your head for no
one: We have two eyes and one nose
right: Ticks mean all your sums are right
wear: People wear shorts in the summer
where: Just here is where I sit
whole: The egg was whole before he sat on it
won: The girl who ran the fastest won the race
write: I want to write him a letter
long phoneme 'ai'
grate: You can grate cheese with a grater
great: The gorilla is one of the great apes
rain: They all got wet in the rain
reign: Queen Victoria's reign lasted sixty-five years
rein: The rider led her horse by a rein
wait: We did not wait long for the bus
way: Can you tell me the way to town?
weigh: I had to weigh some flour for a cake-mix
weight: You must be strong to lift such a weight
long phoneme 'air'
bare: The leaves have fallen and the trees are bare
bear: Deep in the woods a grizzly bear growled
pair: He always wore a pair of trainers
pear: I could not bear to leave that pear unpicked
stair: Each stair creaked as she crept up to bed
stare: People would stare at a flying pig
their: The kittens lost their mittens
there: We're standing here but the bus stops over there
long phoneme 'ee'
flea: A flea is a tiny insect that feeds on blood
flee: The soldiers turned to flee from the enemy
meat: Butchers sell meat
meet: Let's meet up at seven under the clock
peace: The dove is a symbol of peace
piece: Would you like a piece of pie?
read: This book is good to read
reed: The roof was well thatched, each reed in its place
long phoneme 'oa'
loan: These library books are on loan
lone: One lone tree remained after the forest fire
road: The long road led to the hills
rowed: Six oarsmen rowed the boat to shore
sew: I would sew a new button on my coat if could
so: The car won't start so we must push it
long phoneme 'or'
board: The teacher wrote on the board
bored: I'm so bored with nothing to do
for: A pen is for writing
four: Chairs need four firm legs
saw: He looked up and saw the moon
sore: Her throat was so sore she could hardly speak
other homophones
allowed: Children are not allowed to drive trains
aloud: She read her story aloud to the class
dear: This teddy is very dear to me
deer: The oldest deer had the largest antlers
lessen: She took a tablet to lessen the pain
lesson: Our next lesson is History
weather: We can go sailing if the weather is good
whether: Tell me whether you want this or that
phoneme 'n'
knew: After just one lesson I knew how to skate
knight: The brave knight rode a black horse
knot: I tied the rope with a firm knot.
know: I know that tomorrow never comes!
new: I would like a new bike for my birthday
night: All that night the moon shone bright
no: Shake your head for no
not: I do not like being lost
phoneme 'r'
rap: Please rap my door loudly to wake me up
right: Ticks mean all your sums are right
ring: She has a ring on her finger
wrap: I must wrap his present neatly
wring: My wrists were too weak to wring out the cloth
write: I want to write him a letter
phoneme 's'
cereal: Ceres, Roman goddess of growing plants, leads to cereal
licence: A TV licence allows you to watch live programmes
license: The people at Swansea will license your car
practice: The choir needed a long practice before the performance
practise: You could sing like me if you practise hard
serial: A serial is a drama split into several episodes
spellings of '..ole'
bold: The brave man took another bold step
bowled: He bowled a ball and all the skittles fell
hold: The vet let me hold the dog in my arms
hole: The pirate dug a hole to hide his gold
holed: The wrecked ship was badly holed
sole: There's a hole in the sole of her shoe
soul: Your secret is safe; I won't tell a soul
whole: The egg was whole before he sat on it
Interesting derivations
from acronyms
laser:
Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation is lasernylon: Manufacture of nylon began in New York and LONdon
quango: Quasi-Autonomous Non-Governmental Organisation is quango
quasar: QUAsi-StellAr Radio source makes quasar
radar: RAdio Detecting And Ranging makes radar
scuba: Self-Contained Underwater Breathing Apparatus is scuba
sonar: SOund Navigation And Ranging makes sonar
yuppie: Young Upwardly-mobile Professional leads to yuppie
from mythical characters
atlas: An atlas is called after a man with the globe on his back
cereal: Ceres, Roman goddess of growing plants, leads to cereal
hygiene: The word hygiene is from Hygieia, Greek goddess of health
martial: A martial art like karate recalls Mars, Roman god of war
music: The Muses were Greek goddesses of the arts, hence music
panic: The god Pan was said to have the power to cause panic
titanic: A titanic struggle has the strength of Titans, early Greek gods
volcano: The volcano comes from Vulcan, Roman god of fire
from people's names
cardigans: Guess which earl issued cardigans to his regiment
diesel: Guess which engineer invented the diesel engine
sandwiches: Guess which earl ate sandwiches while playing cards
wellingtons: Guess which duke first wore wellingtons
from places
academy: Plato taught at Akademia in Athens, hence academy
canter: Pilgrims to Canterbury rode at a canter, an easy pace
currant: Corinth was the original source of the currant
denim: Cloth from Nimes was called 'de Nimes', now denim
indigo: The colour indigo suggests a dye from India
port: Strong wine from Oporto in Portugal is called port
swede: The swede is a turnip from Sweden
tangerine: The tangerine was shipped from the port of Tangiers
shortened
exam: Which sounds worse, exam or examination?
fridge: It is easier to say fridge than refrigerator
navvy: The navvy was the 'navigator' who dug canal navigations
taxicab: A taxicab or cab was once a 'taximeter cabriolet'
telly: It is easier to say telly than television
zoo: A zoo was once called a zoological garden
words with unusual histories
confetti: Small sweets called confetti were thrown at Italian weddings
diary: Roman soldiers' daily food 'diarium' was noted in a diary
omnibus: The omnibus, Latin 'for all', is usually known as bus
salary: A salary was a Roman soldier's salt allowance
tawdry: St. Audrey's Fair in Ely was known for cheap and tawdry goods
tennis: Servers in old tennis once shouted 'tenez' in warning
More consonant sounds
'ch' as in chemist
ache:
Watching tennis makes my neck acheanchor: The ship rode safely to her anchor
chemist: A chemist sells tablets for headaches
Christmas: People give each other gifts at Christmas
echo: Shout and the cave will echo your voice
scheme: He worked out a scheme to make more money
school: Children learn and play at school
stomach: My stomach rumbles when I'm hungry
'ch' sounds as "sh"
chalet: We stayed in a chalet in the holiday camp
charade: We'll act the charade and you guess the word
chassis: This car is built on a strong steel chassis
chef: If the food is good then thank the chef
chiffon: Her chiffon dress was light and floaty
machine: The robot wasn't human but just a machine
parachute: The parachute floated her gently to earth
sachet: Here's a sachet of shampoo to wash your hair
'ci' sounds as "sh"
artificial: If only artificial roses smelled like real ones!
conscience: Guilty conscience kept the thief awake
conscious: The victim was conscious and could speak
crucial: It's crucial we reach the trapped men soon
efficient: An efficient worker is quick but thorough
official: A uniform makes anybody look official
precious: Water is precious in a dry land
social: A social conscience means you care about others
special: A talking dog would be something special!
sufficient: They had sufficient food to last the winter
'gh' sounds as "ff"
cough: We cover our mouths when we cough
enough: We have just enough milk for breakfast
laugh: Clowns try to make us laugh
rough: The path was rough and so he tripped
tough: Walking boots need tough soles
trough: The piglets were snuffling in the trough
other "sh" sounds
action: I like films with a lot of action
initial: M is the initial of Mary's name
mission: Our mission is to make everybody smile
national: The fire was so big it made the national news
ocean: Whales dive deep in the ocean
pension: Retired people need a pension
ration: We have so few sweets we must ration them out
sugar: Just a spoonful of sugar in my tea, please
sure: Monday is sure to follow Sunday
More vowel sounds
'a' as in acorn
able:
I am able to waggle my earsacorn: The oak tree starts as a tiny acorn
angel: An angel is a heavenly messenger
paper: Someone had scribbled on every sheet of paper
'a' as in father
after: C comes after B in the ABC
ask: They heard Oliver Twist ask for more
bath: I like a bath with lots of hot water
class: Don't fly paper darts in class
fast: She ran so fast she broke all records
father: A father is somebody's dad
glass: A glass can be pretty but fragile
last: He fell over and came last in the race
plant: I water my plant every day
'e' as in demon
decent: It was decent of you to help me out
demon: Some little demon has hidden my chocolate
lenient: A lenient judge let us off lightly
recent: Look on the Internet for the most recent news
secret: The secret door was very well hidden
she: Jill hurt her hand when she fell
'ei' as in ceiling
ceiling: A single light hung down from the ceiling
conceited: You're conceited if you think you're better than us
deceit: The old cheat lived a life of deceit
deceive: Camouflage is to deceive the enemy
perceive: Bats perceive sounds we cannot hear
receive: Every winner will receive a prize
'ei' as in vein
eight: A spider has eight legs
freight: Trucks carry freight of all kinds
neigh: She heard her horse neigh from far away
neighbour: I often pop next door to see my neighbour
reindeer: In Lapland I saw reindeer pull a sleigh
sleigh: Over the snow she rode in her sleigh
vein: A vein is a tube carrying blood to the heart
weight: You must be strong to lift such a weight
'i' as in minus
climb: He aims to climb to the top
idle: Machines stood idle when the factory closed
minus: Five minus three is two
sidle: Can you sidle stealthily like a crab?
triangle: A triangle has three sides and three corners
'o' as in dove
brother: Sister and brother went home together
come: Will you come to my party?
done: My work is all done and finished
dove: The gentle dove is a symbol of peace
front: You face the front as you steer your bike
glove: Her hand felt cold without a glove
money: All my money fell out of my purse
mother: A mum is a mother
other: Would you like this book or the other one?
some: Most birds can fly and some can swim
'o' as in only
holy: Most religions respect holy places
only: I have only one sweet left
open: You lift the lid to open the box
over: The cow jumped over the moon
'oor' as in floor
door: Knock on the door and go in
floor: Their wooden floor had no carpet
moor: No trees grew on the windy moor
poor: They were too poor to buy food
'u' as in pull
bull: The colour-blind bull hates a red rag or any other
bush: I hid behind the leafy bush
full: If your glass is too full it spills over
pull: You pull the ring to open the can
push: We had to push the car to make it start
put: She put the key into the lock
'u' as in uniform
puny: I was weak and puny before I trained in the gym
truth: Tell us the truth of what really happened
tunic: The uniform included a simple tunic
unicorn: I've read of the unicorn with its single horn
uniform: Soldiers have to wear uniform
unit: The kilogram is the unit of mass
'y' as in cycle
cycle: I'll cycle over on my new bike
nylon: Manufacture of nylon began in New York and LONdon
python: The python is not a poisonous snake
reply: The phone rang but there was no reply
rhyme: Words rhyme when their endings sound the same
style: You should write in a style that's easy to read
crystal: Each grain of salt is a tiny crystal
'y' as in gym
gym: I'm off to the gym to exercise
mysterious: A mysterious stranger came from nowhere
pyramid: A pyramid made the Pharaoh's memorial
rhythm: A strong pattern of sound is rhythm
sympathy: Friends shared her sorrow with sympathy
syrup: Sweet sticky syrup trickles off my toast
Sounds of 'ough'
although: He didn't cry although his hand hurt
bough: An owl sat on the bough of a tree
bought: I bought a short jacket from the market
cough: We cover our mouths when we cough
dough: You use dough to make pizza bases
drought: A drought is a time of no rain
enough: We have just enough milk for breakfast
nought: Write nought when there is nothing at all
plough: The oxen in the field pulled the plough
thorough: A thorough search leaves no stone unturned
through: Go through the gate to get in the field
Patterns in word endings
'..ar' as in sugar
cellar:
Cold steps led down to a chilly cellarcollar: We put Rover's name-tag on his collar
mortar: What holds bricks together is mortar
sugar: Just a spoonful of sugar in my tea, please
vinegar: I sprinkled vinegar over my chips
'..el' as in model
angel: An angel is a heavenly messenger
kennel: Our dog lives in his kennel in the yard
label: The label on the jar said 'plum jam'
level: Things don't slide off a level shelf
model: She built a model of the Titanic
parcel: He wrapped the parcel in brown paper
quarrel: They disagreed and started to quarrel
travel: To reach the States you travel by air
'..ery' as in machinery
confectionery: She loves cakes and other confectionery
embroidery: The art of stitching pictures on cloth is embroidery
finery: Cinderella went to the ball dressed in her finery
jewellery: Fine jewellery may be made with gold
lottery: In a lottery the numbers are picked at random
machinery: Farmers now use machinery instead of horses.
stationery: Paper, pens and pencils are all stationery
'..ey' as in monkey
abbey: Monks once lived in the old abbey
chimney: Why doesn't Santa get stuck in the chimney?
honey: Bees make honey
journey: It's a long journey from here to Timbuktu
money: All my money fell out of my purse
monkey: A monkey uses all four limbs to swing from trees
turkey: The turkey is the largest bird on our farm
valley: A valley is low ground between hills
'..il' as in pencil
civil: Polite people give civil replies
council: The local council collects taxes to spend on services
daffodil: The daffodil is a sign of spring
fossil: We know extinct life from fossil remains
lentil: She made a pot of lentil soup for supper
pencil: I write in pencil if I need to rub out
stencil: A stencil makes it easy to paint a shape
utensil: A utensil is anything used in the kitchen
'..le' as in apple
apple: An apple a day keeps the doctor away
battle: Napoleon fought his last battle at Waterloo
bottle: Do you prefer your cola in a bottle or a can?
bubble: I chewed my gum and blew a bubble
cuddle: A cuddle a day keeps sadness at bay
dribble: Babies happily dribble food down their chins
gobble: Dogs always gobble their food
middle: He fell in a puddle right up to his middle
'..le' as in candle
ankle: Your ankle connects your leg to your foot
bundle: The tramp wrapped his clothes into a bundle
candle: She blew out every candle on her birthday cake
grumble: People often grumble about the weather
handle: I've broken the handle of my favourite mug
nimble: Jack was nimble enough to escape down the beanstalk
simple: Two plus two is a simple sum
single: Someone unmarried is single
'..le' as in table
cable: A cable connects the cooker to the mains
cradle: The tiny baby slept in his cradle
ladle: A ladle is a spoon for serving soup
maple: The maple tree provides a delicious syrup
noble: A noble deed is brave and selfless
sidle: Can you sidle stealthily like a crab?
table: The table was laden with scrumptious food
Syllables and spelling
compound words
birthday:
Your birthday marks the day you were borndustbin: The dustbin is for household rubbish
handbag: She keeps her purse in her handbag
lipstick: Use lipstick to colour your lips
milkman: A milkman delivers milk
notebook: He jotted some notes in his notebook
sunset: The western sky glows red at sunset
windmill: Wind drives the sails of the windmill
split like ba-sin
hotel: On holiday they stayed in a sea-front hotel
label: The label on the jar said 'plum jam'
minus: Five minus three is two
moment: It only takes a moment to burn a piece of toast
pilot: The pilot controls the plane
pupil: The painter taught his pupil all he knew
secret: The secret door was very well hidden
silent: The room fell silent once the crowd had gone
stupid: A well-trained dog seldom does anything stupid
split like bas-ket
basket: They filled a basket with fruit
napkin: I use my napkin to wipe my mouth
panda: The black and white panda munches bamboo shoots
picnic: We spread a cloth on the grass for a picnic
plastic: A plastic flower has no smell
pumpkin: Cinderella's pumpkin became a golden coach
trumpet: A trumpet plays loud music
zebra: A zebra crossing has black and white stripes
split like cot-ton
cotton: A cotton shirt keeps you cool
hidden: The secret door was very well hidden
kitten: My kitten is fluffy and playful
lesson: Our next lesson is History
paddock: Her pony grazes in the paddock
puffin: You can always tell a puffin by its bill
rabbit: Our pet rabbit ate Mum's prize carrots
sudden: A sudden clap of thunder broke the silence
split like fin-ish
body: Daily keep-fit strengthens the body
finish: When I finish this job I can start the next
habit: He has this habit of clicking his fingers
lemon: What a sour taste a lemon has!
metal: A metal often shines like silver
robin: A red-breasted robin perched on a twig
shadow: Bright sun cast a dark shadow behind him
visit: My friends came to visit me in hospital
split like po-em
diet: His diet consists of bread and water
duet: The two boys together sang a duet
lion: A mouse saved the lion by biting him free
poem: Her ten-line poem has clever rhymes
triumph: Caesar returned from battle in triumph
Words ending in vowels
'..a' as in banana
banana:
Have you ever seen a straight banana?camera: The mugger was caught on a hidden camera
cinema: Our new cinema has ten screens
cocoa: My bedtime drink is a mug of cocoa
saga: The saga of his voyage took ages to tell
umbrella: There is shelter for two under my umbrella
vanilla: My favourite ice cream is vanilla with a flake
zebra: A zebra crossing has black and white stripes
'..ea' as in idea
area: The size of a surface is its area
idea: It is a good idea to get dressed before you go out
nausea: The waltzers gave me an attack of nausea
panacea: A panacea is a cure for everything
rhea: A rhea is like an ostrich, but from South America
'..ee' as in coffee
chimpanzee: The chimpanzee is our closest animal relative
coffee: Do you prefer coffee, tea or neither?
committee: A committee meets to plan and decide things
degree: The temperature rose by one degree
guarantee: My watch has a ten-year guarantee
jubilee: Twenty-five years on, the school held its silver jubilee
pedigree: A pedigree dog belongs to a breed
toffee: The dentist says toffee is bad for my teeth
'..i' as in taxi
alibi: An alibi means being elsewhere at the time of a crime
fungi: Mushrooms and toadstools are fungi
graffiti: You often see graffiti sprayed on subway walls
hi-fi: This CD sounds great on our new hi-fi
macaroni: Do you like macaroni cheese?
safari: Which wild animals did you see on safari?
spaghetti: spaghetti is a pasta, Italian for bits of string
taxi: We took a taxi because there was no bus
'..o' as in potato
cargo: A supertanker carries a cargo of crude oil
echo: Shout and the cave will echo your voice
hero: Superman is the hero of all his adventures
photo: She kept his photo in a silver frame
potato: Do you prefer potato mashed or baked?
tomato: A tomato is a red fruit used as a vegetable
volcano: A volcano is a vent from which molten rock or steam is ejected
zero: The value of zero is nothing
'..oo' as in bamboo
bamboo: A stick of bamboo comes from a type of grass
cuckoo: The cuckoo lays her eggs in other birds' nests
hullabaloo: With such a hullabaloo their party was stopped
igloo: An igloo is a dome-shaped house of snow
shampoo: Babies cry when shampoo gets in their eyes
tattoo: A tattoo is a permanent picture on the skin
'..u' as in menu
caribou: The caribou is a North American reindeer
emu: The emu is like an ostrich but lives in Australia
flu: Getting flu is much worse than having a cold
gnu: The gnu and the wildebeest are the same animal
impromptu: An impromptu speech is unprepared
menu: We needed the menu to choose our food
tutu: The tutu is a short white dress for a ballerina
Words from other tongues
words from Arabic
alcohol:
Beer, wines and spirits all contain alcoholhazard: A hazard is a danger or risk
mattress: You will sleep better with a comfortable mattress
sofa: A sofa is a long and cosy seat with arms and back
words from Dutch
brandy: The spirit made from wine is called brandy
buoy: A buoy is a floating mark to guide shipping
easel: An artist supports his painting on an easel
skipper: The skipper is the man in charge of a boat
snoop: To pry into other people's business is to snoop
yacht: A yacht is a boat which is used for pleasure
words from French
bouquet: The bunch of flowers held by a bride is a bouquet
duvet: A duvet covers a bed to keep you warm
mayonnaise: Egg yolk, oil and vinegar make mayonnaise
meringue: Egg beaten with sugar and baked makes a meringue
queue: A long queue looks a bit like a tail
souvenir: A souvenir is an object to remind you of a place
words from Gaelic
bard: A bard would sing verses in praise of his chief
clan: A clan is an extended family group
slogan: An often-repeated phrase in commercials makes a slogan
whiskey: Irish or American whiskey is spelled like this
whisky: Scottish whisky is spelled like this
words from German
dachshund: Sausage dog is not the proper name for a dachshund
delicatessen: A delicatessen sells specialist foods
nickel: A nickel is a small American coin
poodle: The poodle is a dog with clipped curly hair
waltz: A waltz is a romantic ballroom dance
words from Hindi
bungalow: A single-storey house is called a bungalow
chutney: Fruit pickled with vinegar is called chutney
cot: The baby sleeps in her cot
shampoo: Babies cry when shampoo gets in their eyes
words from Italian
motto: Jack's motto was 'I'm all right'
piano: I can play 'chopsticks' on the piano
pizza: A pizza is made from dough and topping, baked in an oven
replica: A replica is an accurate copy
serenade: He stood outside her window and sang a serenade
spaghetti: spaghetti is a pasta, Italian for bits of string
studio: The artist had his studio in the attic
umbrella: There is shelter for two under my umbrella
words from Japanese
futon: A futon is a bed which can be made into a chair
karaoke: Singing pop songs to a backing track is karaoke
karate: The art of karate is a Japanese form of self-defence
tycoon: A tycoon is a high-powered businessman
words from North America
moccasin: A moccasin is a soft flat shoe
moose: A moose is a large North American deer
skunk: Beware the smelly spray of a scared skunk
tomahawk: A tomahawk is an axe that was used for fighting
totem: A totem is an object with symbolic value
words from Persian (Farsi)
bazaar: A bazaar is a group of market stalls
caravan: A caravan is a train of camels, or a mobile home
shawl: She wrapped a shawl round her shoulders for warmth
taffeta: A taffeta dress is made from thin glossy silk
words from Spanish
alligator: An alligator is a reptile related to the crocodile
canyon: A canyon is a steep-sided narrow valley
lasso: He threw his lasso round the neck of the bull
mosquito: The mosquito is an insect adapted for sucking blood
plaza: A plaza is a large town square or shopping centre
ranch: A ranch is a huge cattle farm of the American West
stampede: The stampede began when the cattle were startled
words from Turkish
coffee: In England, coffee is now drunk as much as tea
kiosk: A kiosk in the park sold ice creams
tulip: People visit Holland to see the tulip fields in spring
turban: A long piece of cloth is wrapped to make a turban
Words often misspelled
are letters doubled? 1
occurred:
A great idea has just occurred to meoccurrence: His visits to the shop became a daily occurrence
omission: It was a sad omission, leaving Eric out of the team
omitted: His name was omitted from the team list
reference: Look up more details in a reference book
referred: He referred to his diary for the dates
are letters doubled? 2
prefer: I much prefer bananas to apples
preference: Regular supporters take preference for cup-tie tickets
preferred: I said I preferred bananas to apples
transfer: To transfer is to move something from one place to another
transferable: A transferable ticket can be passed to someone else
transferred: Mum transferred some money into my bank account
awkward words 1
journey: It's a long journey from here to Timbuktu
leisure: The opposite of work is leisure
medicine: A medicine is used to treat disease
people: A person needs other people to talk to
quarter: A quarter is one fourth part of something
vehicle: A vehicle runs on wheels and carries people or things
water: I'll run the water for a bath
woman: A woman is an adult female person
women: Mothers are women with children
yacht: A yacht is a boat which is used for pleasure
awkward words 2
beautiful: The snow-covered mountain looked beautiful
desperate: The fly made a desperate attempt to escape the spider
embarrassed: He blushed and felt embarrassed when he had to speak
especially: I love strawberries, especially with cream
exaggerate: Fishermen are supposed to exaggerate the one that got away
interesting: Your voyage to the Antarctic sounds very interesting
lovely: It was a lovely day and the sun shone bright
opposite: Right is the opposite of wrong
separate: They parted and went their separate ways
suppose: Do you suppose we can go to her party?
business words 1
accommodation: Please find me four-star accommodation in Paris
address: We have moved to our new address
business: A business sells a product or service
committee: A committee meets to plan and decide things
correspondence: Written communication, sent or received, is correspondence
faithfully: A letter starting 'Dear Sir' ends with 'Yours faithfully'
necessary: If necessary we will send a replacement
sincerely: A letter starting 'Dear Ms Smith' ends with 'Yours sincerely'
business words 2
approval: Goods sent on approval may be returned if not required
certainly: Sending an e-mail is certainly faster than sending a letter
clerk: A clerk keeps records and deals with correspondence
communication: The exchange of information is communication
delivery: We use an overnight carrier for speedy delivery
height: The height measures the vertical extent of an object
immediately: The missing items should be sent out immediately
liaise: Groups liaise when they work together
weight: You must be strong to lift such a weight
business words 3
authority: People in authority have decision-making powers
efficiency: Investment in new machinery will increase efficiency
limited: A limited company has restricted liability
marketing: Activities which promote a product come together as marketing
mortgage: A loan for a house is a mortgage
procedure: A procedure is a set of instructions
profited: The store profited from an increase in sales
purchase: To purchase means to buy
recommendation: A recommendation is the endorsement of a product
suggestion: He made a brilliant suggestion for increasing sales
are letters doubled? 1
occurred: A great idea has just occurred to me
occurrence: His visits to the shop became a daily occurrence
omission: It was a sad omission, leaving Eric out of the team
omitted: His name was omitted from the team list
reference: Look up more details in a reference book
referred: He referred to his diary for the dates
are letters doubled? 2
prefer: I much prefer bananas to apples
preference: Regular supporters take preference for cup-tie tickets
preferred: I said I preferred bananas to apples
transfer: To transfer is to move something from one place to another
transferable: A transferable ticket can be passed to someone else
transferred: Mum transferred some money into my bank account
awkward words 1
journey: It's a long journey from here to Timbuktu
leisure: The opposite of work is leisure
medicine: A medicine is used to treat disease
people: A person needs other people to talk to
quarter: A quarter is one fourth part of something
vehicle: A vehicle runs on wheels and carries people or things
water: I'll run the water for a bath
woman: A woman is an adult female person
women: Mothers are women with children
yacht: A yacht is a boat which is used for pleasure
awkward words 2
beautiful: The snow-covered mountain looked beautiful
desperate: The fly made a desperate attempt to escape the spider
embarrassed: He blushed and felt embarrassed when he had to speak
especially: I love strawberries, especially with cream
exaggerate: Fishermen are supposed to exaggerate the one that got away
interesting: Your voyage to the Antarctic sounds very interesting
lovely: It was a lovely day and the sun shone bright
opposite: Right is the opposite of wrong
separate: They parted and went their separate ways
suppose: Do you suppose we can go to her party?
confusing homophones 1
canvas: Sailing ships looked stunning with their canvas sails
canvass: The candidate called to canvass my vote
check: This pattern is a check
cheque: It is easy to spend when you pay by cheque
council: The local council collects taxes to spend on services
currant: Imagine an ant carrying a currant
current: The upturned craft was swept away in the current
confusing homophones 2
formally: You need to write formally to apply for a job
formerly: The exhibition hall was formerly a railway station
licence: A TV licence allows you to watch live programmes
license: The people at Swansea will license your car
practice: The choir needed a long practice before the performance
practise: You could sing like me if you practise hard
principal: The college principal is a pal of my Dad's
principle: It is my principle never to lend money
stationary: Parked cars are stationary
stationery: Paper, pens and pencils are all stationery
words often confused 1
accept: I am delighted to accept the job offer
advice: Ask for advice if you are unsure what to do
advise: A lawyer is paid to advise you
except: February has 28 days except in leap years
loose: The clown's trousers are loose and baggy
lose: Take care not to lose your passport
quiet: She needs peace and quiet after a hectic day
quite: Her piggy-bank is quite full
wander: Without fences sheep wander away
were: Once upon a time there were three pigs
where: Just here is where I sit
wonder: I wonder what would happen if I could do magic?
words often confused 2
affect: Does my whistling affect your concentration?
decease: On you decease you cease to live
disease: Doctors aim to cure disease
effect: Her soft voice had a calming effect on her horse
eligible: At eighteen you are eligible for the vote
emigrant: An emigrant is someone who leaves their country for good
eminent: Party leaders are eminent politicians
human: A robot has no human feelings
humane: People campaign for the humane treatment of animals
illegible: Writing which is impossible to read is illegible
immigrant: The immigrant settled well into his new country
imminent: Something imminent is just about to happen
Curriculum Subject word lists
English
textual sources 1
literature:
Novels, plays and poetry are classed as literaturepoem: Her ten-line poem has clever rhymes
autobiography: An autobiography is a book about the author's own life
biography: A biography is a book about someone's life
drama: Writing designed for performance is drama
fiction: All fiction has been invented by its author
novel: A novel is a book-length fictional story
poetry: Poems are poetry
genre: Works of the same genre share the same style
textual sources 2
ballad: A ballad is a song or poem which tells a story
comedy: A comedy is an amusing play
farce: A farce is drama with ridiculous, unlikely events
horror: An effective horror story really frightens people
legend: A legend is a well-known story from the past, fact or fiction
mystery: Puzzling events in a mystery are usually solved in the end
myth: A myth explains natural or spiritual things through story
satire: A satire ridicules people's excesses
sci-fi: Science fiction gets shortened to sci-fi
sonnet: A sonnet is a poem with fourteen lines
thriller: An exciting story of danger is a thriller
tragedy: A tragedy has a sad conclusion
romance: A romance is a story with a love interest
textual sources 3
advertisement: An advertisement tries to attract your attention
report: A report carries information
leaflet: The salesman put a leaflet through the door
account: An account is a detailed report of events
article: An article is a piece of writing for newspaper or journal
brochure: A brochure is an information booklet with pictures
bulletin: Any short news report is a bulletin
essay: An essay is a non-fiction, one-topic piece of writing
magazine: Articles, photos, stories and adverts fill your typical magazine
newspaper: If it's paper printed with news, it's newspaper
pamphlet: A pamphlet is a leaflet giving information
text analysis 1
character: Scrooge is a character in 'A Christmas Carol'
description: A description tells in detail what something is
favourite: The thing you like best is your favourite
style: You should write in a style that's easy to read
criticism: Informed opinions make useful criticism
context: One word sits among other words: they're its context
depth: Sincere feeling and thought gives writing depth
paraphrase: To re-phrase someone's words is to paraphrase
portrayal: To show or describe is to give a portrayal
quotation: A quotation is a snippet from someone's writing
setting: Time and place make up a story's setting
theme: A theme is the subject of a composition
vocabulary: A selected group of words is a vocabulary
text analysis 2
conclusion: A conclusion is an ending
paragraph: A paragraph is a short but distinct piece of writing
scene: The stage was set for the opening scene
sentence: A sentence begins with a capital and ends with a full stop
extract: The dentist pulled hard to extract the tooth
episode: An episode is a part of a television serial
dialogue: A conversation between two people is a dialogue
chapter: A chapter is one division of a book
clause: There's a clause built on every verb in a sentence
introduction: Writers and speakers start their work with the introduction
layout: The arrangement of items in a fixed area is a layout
narrative: The telling of a tale is a narrative
title: The title is the name the author gives his work
subtitle: A subtitle is a less important heading than a title
phrase: A phrase is a small unit of words within a sentence
text analysis 3
communicate: If we communicate then others know what we mean
draft: Any unfinished version of your writing is a draft
irrelevant: If something is irrelevant it is unrelated to the subject
idea: It is a good idea to get dressed before you go out
bias: To show bias is to show prejudice
editing: Changing writing to improve it is editing
objective: An objective opinion ignores personal feelings
opinion: What you think or believe is your opinion
persuasive: A persuasive argument wins people over
relevant: Something relevant is very much to the point
subjective: A subjective opinion is based on personal feelings
summary: A summary briefly gives a work's main points
argument: An argument is a thread of ideas supporting a standpoint
skills of writing
rhyme: Words rhyme when their endings sound the same
rhythm: A strong pattern of sound is rhythm
suspense: A built up state of waiting is called suspense
allegory: Characters in an allegory are symbols of something else
alliteration: The same sounds starting several close words gives alliteration
ambiguity: It's ambiguity when more than one meaning is possible
assonance: Echoing of vowel sounds in a run of words is assonance
imagery: Highly descriptive language may well contain imagery
irony: Saying the opposite of what you mean is irony
metaphor: A metaphor compares things by saying one is the other
motif: An idea running through a work is a motif
onomatopoeia: Words sounding like their meaning is onomatopoeia
personification: Turning something abstract into a person is personification
simile: A simile says one thing is like another
hyperbole: A hyperbole is a highly exaggerated statement or description
non-print media
cinema: Our new cinema has ten screens
listen: I am trying to listen to the music
screen: I like a TV with a big screen
watch: I like to watch the news on TV
cassette: A cassette is a handy way to buy music
theatre: Inside the theatre, actors rehearsed on the stage
commentary: A commentary is a running description of an event
film: A film is shown in a cinema or on video
headline: A headline leads a newspaper article
lighting: The lighting is important in a stage show
radio: A radio is equipment for receiving broadcasts
video: To video something is to record it on film
view: To view something is to watch it on television
visual: Something which stimulates the sense of sight is visual
finding your way
catalogue: We order goods from a catalogue
dictionary: A dictionary gives the meaning of words
library: A library houses a collection of books
reference: Look up more details in a reference book
research: Collecting information about something is research
illustration: The illustration on this page is by a well known artist
encyclopedia: An encyclopedia gives information (also spelled -paedia)
alphabetical: The order of the alphabet determines alphabetical word-lists
bibliography: A bibliography is a book list on a certain topic
caption: The words accompanying a picture or diagram are its caption
contents: A book's contents page lists chapter headings
index: The index gives page numbers for subjects mentioned in the book
thesaurus: A thesaurus groups together words with similar meanings
glossary: A glossary is a list of difficult words explained
people in the media
author: The writer of a book is its author
correspondent: My friend is darts correspondent for the local paper
journalist: He's a journalist and writes for the local paper
actor: A good actor can play many parts
editor: The editor decides what goes in the paper
narrator: The narrator is the one who tells the tale
playwright: A playwright is a writer of plays
reporter: A reporter gives up-to-date information about topical issues
director: Steven Spielberg is a famous director
advertiser: An advertiser uses publicity to sell goods or services
cameraman: A man operating a film camera is a cameraman
poet: Poetry is the product of the poet
presenter: Radio and television programmes may be hosted by a presenter
scriptwriter: A scriptwriter prepares the written form of a film or programme
producer: A producer is in charge of the production of a play or film
parts of speech
definite: The definite article is the word 'the'
adjective: An adjective describes a noun
adverb: An adverb tells more about a verb
conjunction: A conjunction brings other words together
demonstrative: 'This' is a demonstrative word
indefinite: The word 'a' is the indefinite article
noun: A noun is word which names something
participle: A participle comes from a verb
preposition: A preposition like 'in' or 'on' does suggest a position
pronoun: A pronoun like 'it' stands in place of a noun
verb: A verb tells of doing or being
punctuation
asterisk: An asterisk is a starlike symbol
apostrophe: An apostrophe with 's' says something belongs
capital: A capital letter marks the start of a sentence
colon: A colon is a mark to direct attention to what follows
comma: A comma divides a sentence into parts
hyphen: A hyphen brings together two words
margin: The margin is the edge of a piece of writing
punctuation: Writing is divided by punctuation marks
brackets: Something enclosed in brackets gives additional information
words about language
language: What we speak is language
word: Now here is a word I can spell
prefix: Name a prefix that means 'before'
grammar: The study of the rules of a language is its grammar
accent: An accent is the local pronunciation of a language
consonant: A consonant is any letter which is not a vowel
dialect: A dialect is a regional variation of a language
suffix: A suffix is a final addition to a word to change its meaning
tense: The tense of a verb indicates the time it refers to
vowel: A vowel in English is a, e, i, o, u and sometimes y
jargon: Language that can be understood by a restricted few is jargon
Mathematics
numbers 1 to 10
eight:
A spider has eight legsfive: People have five toes on each foot
four: Chairs need four firm legs
nine: A cat is said to have nine lives
one: We have two eyes and one nose
seven: There are seven days in a week
six: An ant has six legs
ten: My toes add up to ten
three: A triangle has three sides
two: We have one nose but two eyes
numbers 1st to 10th
eighth: The eighth time is when something has happened eight times
fifth: The fifth time is when something has happened five times
first: The first to get home is the winner
fourth: The fourth time is when something has happened four times
ninth: The ninth time is when something has happened nine times
second: The second follows the first
seventh: The seventh time is when something has happened seven times
sixth: The sixth time is when something has happened six times
tenth: Her birthday is the tenth of March
third: She ate two cakes and then a third
numbers 10 to 100
eighty: Four twenties make eighty
fifty: A golden wedding is fifty years of marriage
forty: Ali Baba fought forty thieves
hundred: There are a hundred years in a century
ninety: Nine times ten makes ninety
seventy: Seven tens make seventy
sixty: Six tens make sixty
ten: My toes add up to ten
thirty: Three tens make thirty
twenty: Two men have twenty toes
numbers 10th to 100th
eightieth: The eightieth is when something has happened eighty times
fiftieth: The fiftieth is when something has happened fifty times
fortieth: The fortieth is when something has happened forty times
hundredth: On her hundredth birthday her cake had one hundred candles
ninetieth: The ninetieth is when something has happened ninety times
seventieth: The seventieth is when something has happened seventy times
sixtieth: The sixtieth is when something has happened sixty times
tenth: Her birthday is the tenth of March
thirtieth: The thirtieth time is when something has happened thirty times
twentieth: On your twentieth birthday you are twenty years old
geometric terms
angle: An angle measures the difference in direction of two lines
area: The size of a surface is its area
centre: A centre is a middle point
circle: All of a circle is the same distance from its centre
diameter: The diameter of a circle is its greatest width
height: The height measures the vertical extent of an object
length: The length measures the horizontal extent of an object
straight: A straight line does not change direction
width: The width of an object measures how wide it is
handling data 1
average: An average is the arithmetic mean of a number of items
diagram: A diagram is a plan of something on paper
graph: A graph makes a picture from numbers
percentage: A percentage is a rate per hundred
survey: To do a survey is to collect information about something
chart: A pie chart is a way of showing information
frequency: The frequency of a wave measures how often it repeats
pictogram: A pictogram is a graph using pictures
median: The median is in the middle
tally: A tally is a count of something
maximum: The maximum is the largest of a series of numbers
minimum: The minimum is the smallest of a series of numbers
arithmetic terms 1
addition: With addition you add quantities together
division: Sharing things out is division
fraction: A fraction is part of something
multiplication: With multiplication you increase by a number of times
remainder: The remainder is what is left after a division sum
factor: A factor of a number can divide it exactly
multiple: A multiple of a number is an exact number of times greater
increase: An increase means getting larger
decrease: A decrease means getting smaller
equal: Two things that are equal have the same value
shapes
quadrilateral: A quadrilateral has four sides
pentagon: A pentagon is a five-sided figure
hexagon: A hexagon is a six-sided figure
heptagon: A heptagon is a seven-sided figure
octagon: An octagon is an eight-sided figure
nonagon: A nonagon is a nine-sided figure
decagon: A decagon is a ten-sided figure
rhombus: A rhombus has four equal sides
rectangle: All four angles of a rectangle are right angles
tetrahedron: A tetrahedron is an object with four faces
handling data 2
frequency: The frequency of a wave measures how often it repeats
deviation: The deviation of data measures how much it varies
sampling: By sampling a few items out of many you can make predictions
randomness: It is important to aim for randomness when taking samples
questionnaire: A questionnaire aims to find out about people
cumulative: A cumulative error mounts up as you continue
interquartile: A fourth part of a frequency distribution is interquartile
correlation: Variables which are related show correlation
inference: An inference is a generalisation made from a study of data
discrete: A discrete variable has a limited number of values
probability: The probability of an event measures the chance of it happening
diagrammatic: A diagrammatic representation expresses data graphically
statistics: The study of data is statistics
arithmetic terms 2
negative: A negative number is less than zero
positive: A positive number is greater than zero
zero: The value of zero is nothing
decimal: Numbering by tens is decimal
mathematics: The study of number and shapes is mathematics
computation: Doing sums can be called computation
approximate: An approximate answer is almost correct
numerator: The numerator is the top part of a fraction
denominator: The denominator is the lower part of a fraction
recurring: In a recurring decimal the same digit is repeated over again
algebra terms
equation: A chemical equation matches reactants with products
variable: A variable is an item whose value can alter
simplify: To simplify an expression you reduce the number of items
ratio: The ratio of two numbers shows the difference in size
brackets: Something enclosed in brackets can be handled separately
formula: A formula is a general rule, expressed in symbols
proportional: Items are proportional if they are in the same ratio
substitution: One item is replaced by another in substitution
polynomial: A polynomial equation has a variable raised to a higher power
Science
experimental procedures 1
conclusion:
A conclusion is an endingmeasure: In an experiment you measure accurate amounts of reactants
predict: Meteorologists aim to predict the weather
observe: To observe is to watch carefully
analyse: To analyse something is to discover its composition
investigate: To find a solution you must thoroughly investigate the problem
evidence: You seek evidence for a hypothesis by experiment
comparison: After an experiment you make a comparison of results
evaluation: To consider the results of an experiment is an evaluation
variables: The variables are factors that alter within an experiment
experimental equipment
apparatus: The equipment used for experiments is called apparatus
laboratory: Research and experiments are done in a laboratory
thermometer: A thermometer measures temperature
equipment: Some experiments need a lot of equipment
beaker: A beaker is a cylindrical flask
Bunsen: A Bunsen burner mixes gas and air to give intense heat
titration: A titration measures the reactant needed to complete a reaction
pipette: A pipette measures small amounts of liquid accurately
burette: A burette releases liquid in accurate measures
conical: A conical flask is harder to knock over
photometer: A photometer measures the intensity of light
gauge: You use a gauge to see readings of a variable
funnel: A funnel is used to hold filter-paper over a flask
balance: A balance is an accurate device for weighing
Liebig: A Liebig condenser is a water-cooled glass condenser
life - cells
evolution: The evolution of something is its development over time
gene: The gene is the functional unit of inheritance
hybrid: A hybrid combines the character of different parents
inheritance: The passing on of characteristics to offspring is inheritance
organelle: An organelle is a specialised part of a cell
nucleus: The central portion of a cell or of an atom is the nucleus
membrane: A membrane is a protective layer
cytoplasm: The cytoplasm is the protoplasm outside the nuclear membrane
chromosome: The chromosome carries hereditary information as genes
meiosis: In meiosis the number of chromosomes is halved
mitosis: In mitosis each new cell copies all the parent's chromosomes
gamete: A gamete is a mature male or female germ cell
ciliated: A ciliated cell is one coated with tiny hairs
fertilisation: fertilisation occurs when two gametes are united
conception: The beginning of pregnancy is conception
reproduction: The process of creating new living things is reproduction
life - plants 1
photosynthesis: Plants use photosynthesis to obtain energy
chlorophyll: The pigment involved in plant photosynthesis is chlorophyll
pollination: The transfer of pollen from anther to stigma is pollination
humus: The organic part of soil is humus
transpiration: The release of water through a plant's pores is transpiration
germination: The germination of a seed is when it starts to sprout
diffusion: Molecules moving down a concentration gradient is diffusion
osmosis: Water moving through a semipermeable membrane is osmosis
moisture: The word moisture indicates a small amount of water
life - animals
amphibian: An amphibian is an animal at home on land and in water
parasite: A parasite is a creature that lives on another
respiration: Intake of oxygen and output of carbon dioxide is respiration
circulation: The heart maintains the circulation of the blood
producer: A producer creates organic matter from simple ingredients
herbivore: A herbivore is an animal which feeds on plants
carnivore: A carnivore is an animal which feeds on other animals
omnivore: An omnivore will eat both plants and animals
reptile: A reptile is an air-breathing cold-blooded vertebrate
mammal: A mammal has mammary glands for feeding its young
nocturnal: A nocturnal animal is active at night
migratory: A migratory animal changes habitat according to season
habitat: The natural environment of a plant or animal is its habitat
consumer: A consumer relies on organic matter for its food
vertebrate: A vertebrate is an animal with a backbone
life- health
immune: The immune system protects the body from infection
syndrome: A syndrome is a group of recognised symptoms
deficiency: A deficiency is when the body doesn't have enough of something
virus: A virus is a submicroscopic organism causing infection
organism: An organism is the totality of a living being
infection: An infection is the invasion of the body by foreign agents
toxin: A toxin is a poisonous substance
inflammation: The body's local response to injury can involve inflammation
bacteria: Single-celled prokaryotic micro-organisms are bacteria
fever: A fever involves an abnormally high body temperature
immunisation: The process of gaining resistance to infection is immunisation
materials - classification
metal: A metal often shines like silver
crystalline: Common salt is a crystalline substance
compound: A compound is two or more elements bound together
mixture: A mixture of two substances can be separated physically
aerosol: An aerosol is small particles of liquid suspended in a gas
aqueous: An aqueous solution is a solution in water
amorphous: An amorphous solid is non-crystalline
alloy: An alloy is a mixture of different metals
polymer: A polymer is made of two or more similar monomer units
monomer: A monomer is a chemical compound that can be polymerised
reactant: A reactant is a substance taking part in a chemical reaction
vitreous: A vitreous substance is glass-like
materials - properties
magnetic: A magnetic substance can be attracted by a magnet
semiconductor: A semiconductor only conducts electricity in special conditions
insulator: An insulator does not conduct electric current
ionic: In an ionic bond an electron is transferred between atoms
covalent: A covalent bond shares electrons between atoms
semipermeable: A semipermeable membrane is a barrier to larger molecules
soluble: A substance is soluble in a liquid if it will dissolve in it
density: The measurement of mass per unit of volume is density
alkaline: An alkaline solution has a pH higher than seven
acid: An acid has a pH lower than seven
reactive: A reactive substance readily undergoes chemical change
inert: An inert substance is highly unreactive
volatile: A volatile liquid easily turns to vapour
materials - particles
molecule: The least water you can get is a single molecule
element: An element cannot be divided into further components
proton: A proton is an elementary particle with a positive charge
neutron: A neutron is an uncharged elementary particle
isotope: An isotope of an element differs in the number of neutrons
ion: An ion is an atom or group of atoms with an electric charge
electron: An electron is a subatomic particle with a negative charge
orbital: Any electron within an atom exists in an orbital
valency: Carbon combines with 4 hydrogen atoms so has a valency of 4
radical: A free radical has one or more unpaired electrons
nucleus: The nucleus is the central part of an atom
physical change
dissolve: A soluble substance will dissolve in a liquid
evaporate: When you evaporate a liquid it turns to a gas
solidify: To solidify is to turn into a solid state
distil: To distil a liquid is to vaporise and then condense it
filter: When you filter a liquid, solid particles are removed
condensation: The change from a gas to a liquid or solid is condensation
diffusion: Molecules moving down a concentration gradient is diffusion
concentrate: To concentrate a solution you must reduce the amount of solvent
liquefy: To liquefy is to change from the solid to the liquid state
crystallisation: The production of crystals from a liquid is crystallisation
precipitation: When a solid separates from a liquid it is precipitation
volatile: A volatile liquid easily turns to vapour
chemical change
explosion: An explosion is a chemical reaction that runs out of control
equation: A chemical equation matches reactants with products
combustion: It is combustion when a substance burns in air
neutralisation: The reaction of an acid with a base is neutralisation
oxidation: Adding oxygen or removing hydrogen is oxidation
reduction: Adding hydrogen or removing oxygen is reduction
reaction: A chemical reaction involves the formation of a new molecule
effervescence: The forming of many bubbles in a liquid is effervescence
corrosion: The wearing away of a metal by chemical action is corrosion
catalysis: In catalysis, a catalyst affects a reaction but is not altered
activation: The energy needed to start a reaction is the activation energy
electrolysis: The splitting of a molecule through electricity is electrolysis
cathode: The cathode is the electrode with negative potential
anode: The anode is the electrode with positive potential
hydrophilic: If something is hydrophilic it attracts water
hydrophobic: If something is hydrophobic it repels water
forces and motion
compression: We use compression to make things smaller
pressure: Too much air pressure bursts a balloon
temperature: The temperature of something is its degree of hotness
weight: You must be strong to lift such a weight
deceleration: Friction and air resistance cause deceleration of moving objects
acceleration: Applying force to a frictionless mass causes acceleration
barometric: The pressure of the atmosphere is barometric pressure
gravity: The attraction of all masses towards each other is gravity
friction: The force of friction works against a moving body
energy
energy: Gas and electricity are forms of energy
renewable: Power from sunlight is a renewable source
conservation: The careful management of resources is conservation
momentum: The momentum of a moving body measures its energy
kinetic: Energy created by movement is kinetic energy
potential: The concept of potential energy is stored energy
dissipation: The wasting away of a resource such as heat is dissipation
conduction: The movement of heat through a solid is conduction
convection: The movement of heat through a liquid is convection
radiation: The emission of energy as waves is radiation
absorption: The soaking up of wave energy is absorption
waves
microwave: A microwave oven uses extremely high frequency radio waves
transparent: Something which can be seen through is transparent
ultraviolet: Light waves too short be seen are ultraviolet
frequency: The frequency of a wave measures how often it repeats
longitudinal: Particles vibrate in the same direction with a longitudinal wave
transverse: Particles vibrate at right angles to a transverse wave
velocity: The measurement of speed is velocity
reflection: The return of waves from a surface is reflection
refraction: With refraction a wave changes its direction
amplitude: The amplitude of a wave measures the extent of its vibration
diffraction: You can see diffraction of light from the surface of a CD-ROM
radiation: The emission of energy as waves is radiation
prism: A prism is a transparent object which refracts light
decibel: The decibel measures the loudness of sound
trough: A trough is the lowest part of a wave
electricity/magnetism
ammeter: An ammeter measures electrical current in amperes
voltmeter: A voltmeter measures electric potential in volts
transformer: A transformer changes the voltage of an electrical supply
polarity: The polarity of a magnet indicates which end is North
induction: A moving magnet creates an electric current by induction
electromagnetic: An electromagnetic field is generated by an electric current
electrostatic: Ionised particles carry an electrostatic charge
dynamo: A dynamo is a device for generating electric current
particle: An electron is a subatomic particle
static: Rubbing a comb in hair generates static electricity
attraction: There is attraction between two particles of opposite charge
repulsion: There is repulsion between two particles of the same charge
rectifier: A rectifier converts alternating to direct current
electrical circuits
resistance: Opposition to an electric current is measured by resistance
integrated: An integrated circuit contains many components on one base
voltage: Electrical potential is measured by voltage
filament: A filament is a thin wire as in a light bulb
insulation: The passage of an electric current is prevented by insulation
resistor: A resistor adds electrical resistance to a circuit
transistor: A transistor will vary the flow of electricity
capacitor: A capacitor stores electrical charge
ampere: The ampere measures the amount of electric current
ohm: The ohm measures the resistance of an object
diode: A diode allows the flow of electricity in one direction only
impedance: Opposition to flow of an alternating current is impedance
capacitance: The storage of a capacitor is measured by capacitance
experimental procedures 2
dissolve: A soluble substance will dissolve in a liquid
evaporate: When you evaporate a liquid it turns to a gas
distil: To distil a liquid is to vaporise and then condense it
filter: When you filter a liquid, solid particles are removed
condensation: The change from a gas to a liquid or solid is condensation
dilute: To dilute a solution is to add more of the solvent
distillation: To purify through vaporisation is distillation
filtration: To remove solids in a filter is filtration
life - plants 2
chloroplast: A chloroplast is an organelle containing chlorophyll
stamen: The stamen is the male part of the flower
stigma: The stigma is the part of the flower which receives pollen
capsule: A capsule is a container for spores or seeds
rhizome: A rhizome is a root-like stem containing a plant's food reserves
monocotyledon: A monocotyledon is a plant with a single seed-leaf
dicotyledon: A dicotyledon is a plant with a pair of seed-leaves
anther: The anther of a flower contains the pollen
style: The style of a flower supports the stigma
ovary: The ovary of a flower holds the ovules
ovule: The ovule of a flower becomes a seed when fertilised
pollen: Plants are fertilised by means of pollen grains
History
politics and government 1
fascism:
An autocratic regime which suppresses opposition is fascismmonarchy: A monarchy is a country which has a hereditary head of state
republic: A republic has an elected head of state.
empire: A group of countries under one sovereign is an empire
totalitarian: A totalitarian regime is restrictive and state-dominated
democracy: In a democracy, the government is elected by the people
nationalism: A movement towards a separate country is nationalism
dictatorship: A dictatorship is rule of a country by a single person
restoration: A restoration occurs when an ousted ruler returns to power
communism: A society with all goods held in common is communism
social 1
civil: Polite people give civil replies
disease: Doctors aim to cure disease
marriage: A contract between two people to live together is a marriage
plague: A plague kills many far and wide
feudal: In a feudal system land is held in return for service
census: A population count is a census
reform: A change in current practice is a reform
inequality: Different pay for the same job is an example of inequality
abolition: To repeal an existing law is abolition
workhouse: Paupers and petty criminals ended up in the workhouse
economic
factory: A factory is a place for making things
industrial: The industrial revolution was machine-made replacing man-made
piracy: Robbery on the high seas is piracy
agricultural: Matters relating to farming are agricultural
nationalisation: In nationalisation, an industry is taken over by the government
privatisation: Nationalised industries are sold off in privatisation
Depression: The Depression began with the collapse of the stock markets
poverty: The state of being poor is poverty
exploitation: Taking advantage of others for personal gain is exploitation
quota: A quota is a proportion of what you produce
duty: Extra money added to the price of imported goods is duty
subsidy: A payment by the state to keep prices down is a subsidy
commerce: The business of buying and selling is commerce
laissez-faire: A laissez-faire economy is one with minimum state interference
engineering: Making useful objects from natural resources is engineering
religious
belief: Your belief is something you hold to be true
monastery: A monastery is a place for monks to pray or meditate
Protestant: A Protestant church was one protesting against Catholic practice
religion: A religion is a prescribed set of beliefs and practices
symbol: A symbol is an object or act of religious significance
worship: To worship is to pay deep respect
nonconformist: A nonconformist is a person who will not conform
Dissolution: The enforced closing of monasteries was called the Dissolution
Catholic: The Roman Catholic church accepts the authority of the Pope
Reformation: The Reformation led to the founding of Protestantism
pilgrimage: A pilgrimage is a special journey to visit a holy place
superstition: A superstition is a belief with no reason behind it
persecution: A new religion often faced persecution by authorities against it
diplomacy
treaty: A treaty is a signed agreement between states
ambassador: An ambassador protects his country's interests abroad
colony: A country having ties with a parent state is a colony
independence: Freedom from external control is independence
empire: A group of countries under one sovereign is an empire
unification: A joining together is unification
rebellion: Demonstration against authority is rebellion
exploration: The search for new lands and resources is exploration
negotiation: Discussion to reach an agreement is negotiation
commonwealth: A commonwealth is a group of countries with a common interest
relations: Diplomacy is about international relations
government
borough: A borough is a local council
council: The local council collects taxes to spend on services
government: The government runs the country
parliament: Representatives of the people sit in a parliament
election: She was elected MP at the last election
region: An administrative area is a region
legislation: The making and passing of laws is legislation
chamber: The House of Commons is a chamber, as is the House of Lords
poll: The casting and recording of votes is a poll
franchise: A franchise is a right or privilege granted to people
veto: A senior politician can veto something and stop it happening
statute: A statute is similar to a law
county: A county is an administrative area in England and Wales
politics and government 2
revolution: The revolution swept the dictator from power
heir: The crown prince was heir to the throne
political: Anything relating to politics is political
propaganda: The promotion of a one-sided point of view is propaganda
referendum: A referendum is when all voters decide on a single question
suffrage: The right to vote is called suffrage
treason: To betray your country is called treason
abdicate: A ruler who resigns from office is said to abdicate
Suffragette: A Suffragette was a woman who promoted votes for women
Luddite: A Luddite was part of a campaign against machinery
Geography
physical features
continent:
One continent has several countriesocean: Whales dive deep in the ocean
valley: A valley is low ground between hills
glacier: A glacier is a river of ice
island: An island is land surrounded by water
estuary: The sea tides flow into the estuary of a river
mountain: The Alps are the highest mountain range in Europe
gorge: A gorge is a deep, narrow valley
tributary: A tributary is a small river which feeds a larger one
delta: An area of silt and sand deposited by a river is a delta
watershed: A watershed divides the catchment areas of two rivers
confluence: The confluence of two streams is where they join
source: The source of a stream is its starting point
industry
business: A business sells a product or service
industry: Production and manufacturing are two branches of industry
leisure: The opposite of work is leisure
location: A location is where something is situated
manufacturing: The production of goods is manufacturing
employment: Giving jobs to people for money is employment
primary: Agriculture and mining are examples of primary industry
secondary: Manufacturing is the main activity of a secondary industry
tertiary: The provision of services is the activity of tertiary industry
accessibility: Ease of access is accessibility
geological terms
fossil: We know extinct life from fossil remains
earthquake: Geological activity can cause an earthquake
sedimentary: Material deposited by water forms sedimentary rocks
igneous: Rocks formed by solidified magma are igneous
metamorphic: Activity in the earth's crust has modified metamorphic rocks
lava: Molten rock ejected by a volcano is called lava
limestone: Sedimentary rock of calcium carbonate is called limestone
granite: Igneous, crystalline coarse-grained rock is called granite
tectonic: Something tectonic relates to movement of the Earth's crust
magma: Molten rock material is called magma
volcano: A volcano is a vent from which molten rock or steam is ejected
epicentre: The epicentre of an earthquake is the origin of the shock
Richter: The Richter scale measures the intensity of an earthquake
ecological terms
environment: Our environment is the surrounding conditions in which we live
pollution: Car exhausts add to pollution
greenhouse: The greenhouse effect is when the earth's surface gets warmer
deforestation: Where forests are cut down, deforestation is taking place
renewable: Power from sunlight is a renewable source
conservation: The careful management of resources is conservation
sustainable: Earth's resources are not used up with sustainable energy
desertification: It is desertification when fertile land becomes desert
stewardship: Land management is known as stewardship
overfishing: Taking too many fish from the sea is overfishing
famine: A lack of food on a national scale is famine
global: A gradual rise in the earth's temperature is global warming
climate
climate: Weather type is referred to as climate
temperature: The temperature of something is its degree of hotness
thermometer: A thermometer measures temperature
precipitation: Rainfall, snow, sleet and hail are all precipitation
monsoon: The monsoon is a seasonal wind in the Indian Ocean
equatorial: High temperatures and rainfall give an equatorial climate
atmosphere: The atmosphere is the envelope of air around the Earth
humidity: Water in the air is humidity
weather
drought: A drought is a time of no rain
temperature: The temperature of something is its degree of hotness
thermometer: A thermometer measures temperature
precipitation: Rainfall, snow, sleet and hail are all precipitation
rainfall: The amount of rain which falls is rainfall
sunshine: Bright light and heat come from sunshine
flood: A flood occurs when heavy rainfall causes river levels to rise
isobar: An isobar is a line connecting places with the same air pressure
meteorology: The study of weather and the atmosphere is meteorology
anticyclone: An anticyclone is a high-pressure weather system
depression: A depression is a low-pressure weather system
pressure: The force exerted on the earth by the air is pressure
gradient: The strength of the wind is related to the pressure gradient
forecast: A forecast is a prediction of weather conditions
gauge: A rain gauge measures rainfall
barometer: A barometer measures the pressure of the atmosphere
ecosystems
tundra: Areas of treeless plains are known as tundra
savannah: Areas of tropical grassland are known as savannah
steppe: A steppe is a flat, treeless area in south-east Europe or Asia
prairie: A prairie is a vast expanse of uncultivated grassland
deciduous: Trees which shed their leaves in autumn are deciduous
coniferous: Cone-bearing trees are coniferous
fauna: The animal life of an area is its fauna
flora: The natural vegetation of an area is its flora
desert: Areas of desert are arid and uncultivable
habitat: The natural environment of a plant or animal is its habitat
biomass: The total of all living things in a system is its biomass
ecosystem: An ecosystem deals with a group of living things as a unit
population
country: He left his own country to go abroad
demography: The study of population and its movement is demography
urbanisation: The transformation of rural areas into towns is urbanisation
colony: A country having ties with a parent state is a colony
urban: Anything relating to a town is described as urban
suburban: Areas adjacent to a town or city centre are suburban
rural: Country areas are rural
distribution: The spread of population is its distribution
residential: A residential area is given over to housing
amenities: Local services which improve the quality of life are amenities
population: The number of people living in a country is its population
conurbation: A conurbation is a cluster of towns
some European lands
Belgium: The people of Belgium are called Belgians
Denmark: The people of Denmark are Danes
France: The people of France are the French
Germany: The people of Germany are the Germans
Greece: The people of Greece are Greeks
Ireland: The people of Ireland are the Irish
Italy: The people of Italy are the Italians
Netherlands: The people of the Netherlands are the Dutch
Portugal: The people of Portugal are the Portuguese
Spain: The people of Spain are Spaniards
Finland: The people of Finland are the Finns
Sweden: The people of Sweden are the Swedes
Luxembourg: The people of Luxembourg are called Luxembourgers
farming
agriculture: The cultivation of land is agriculture
irrigation: The provision of water to crops is irrigation
arable: Farmers use arable land to grow crops
livestock: Farm animals are livestock
rotation: Sowing different crops in the fields each year is rotation
pastoral: Land used for grazing is pastoral
cereal: Wheat, barley and oats are examples of cereal crops
diversification: Putting resources into several areas is diversification
natural hazards
earthquake: Geological activity can cause an earthquake
flood: A flood occurs when heavy rainfall causes river levels to rise
volcano: A volcano is a vent from which molten rock or steam is ejected
tsunami: A tsunami is a tidal wave caused by an earthquake
avalanche: An avalanche is a sudden slippage of fallen snow
cyclone: A cyclone is a wind system around a centre of low pressure
heatwave: A heatwave is a period of intense hot weather
typhoon: A typhoon is a cyclone in the Pacific
tornado: A tornado is a powerful and destructive whirlwind
hurricane: A hurricane is a wind of Force 11 or greater
blizzard: A blizzard is a heavy snowstorm
Design and technology
designing
design:
You need a design before you builddimension: Which dimension are you measuring - length, width or depth?
graphic: A graphic drawing is based on geometric principles
perspective: In drawing, perspective is used to create depth and distance
research: Collecting information about something is research
criteria: The design requirements of an article are its criteria
specification: A specification gives dimensions and other data affecting design
layout: The arrangement of items in a fixed area is a layout
elevation: An elevation is a geometrical projection on a vertical plane
projection: A two-dimensional drawing of a spatial object is a projection
isometric: An isometric drawing has the same scale along each axis
estimate: An estimate is an informed guess
tools and equipment
adhesive: An adhesive fixes two surfaces together
machine: The robot wasn't human but just a machine
scissors: Use sharp scissors to cut paper and cloth
screw: You turn a screw to tighten it
chisel: Use a metal chisel to chip, cut or carve
hacksaw: A hacksaw is a fine-tooth saw used for cutting hard materials
bradawl: Use a bradawl to make a hole for a screw
pliers: Pincers used for holding, bending and cutting wire are pliers
hammer: Use a hammer to hit a nail home
materials and components
rigid: Something is rigid if it is not flexible
manufacture: To manufacture is to make things on an industrial scale
thermoplastic: A thermoplastic material softens with heat
thermoset: A thermoset is a material which does not soften with heat
textile: A textile is a material made from fibres
flexible: A flexible material will bend
durability: The quality of being long-lasting is durability
tolerance: The permitted deviation from specified dimensions is tolerance
tensile: The breaking strain of a fibre depends on its tensile strength
suitability: The fitness of a material for its function is its suitability
component: A component is a part of a larger machine
strength: The strength of a material is its toughness
quality: Ensuring production standards are maintained is quality control
processes and techniques
compression: We use compression to make things smaller
modify: To modify something is to change it
assemble: To assemble parts is to fit them together
moulding: With moulding a shape is formed in a mould
attach: To join one thing to another is to attach it
separate: To detach one thing from another is to separate it
systems and control
pneumatic: A pneumatic system is based on air
mechanical: A mechanical process is done by a machine
feedback: With feedback you learn the effects of an action
sensor: A sensor is a device for collecting data
electrical: An electrical device works by electricity
electronic: Computers, radios and pagers are electronic devices
device: A clamp is a device for holding things steady
circuit: A circuit exists when a flow of electricity is taking place
switch: A switch can provide or cut off an electrical current
structures
bridge: You can cross the river at the bridge
efficiency: Investment in new machinery will increase efficiency
structure: A structure is an artificially built object
suspension: A suspension bridge hangs from cables suspended between towers
reinforce: I reinforce something to make it stronger
maintenance: Keeping things in good working order is maintenance
unstable: An unstable structure is liable to collapse
buckle: Load-bearing beams may buckle with excessive weight on them
cantilever: The supporting beams of a cantilever bridge meet in the middle
reliability: Designing for reliability minimises the risk of breakdown
tension: Something is under tension if it is being stretched
general terms
design: You need a design before you build
materials: The items needed to create something are materials
measure: In an experiment you measure accurate amounts of reactants
structure: A structure is an artificially built object
technology: Applied science is called technology
analysis: An analysis gains information from collected data
construction: The process of building something is known as construction
evaluation: To consider the results of an experiment is an evaluation
I.C.T.
equipment
computer:
A computer is an electronic device for handling datahardware: The solid objects used in computing are called hardware
keyboard: The keyboard is used for entering data by hand
monitor: A monitor displays information from a computer
megabyte: A megabyte is roughly one million bytes
binary: The binary system counts in twos
microprocessor: A microprocessor is the heart of a computer on a single chip
memory: The computer's memory stores data
silicon: Microchips are made on a base of pure silicon
barcode: A barcode contains machine-readable information
pixel: A pixel is the smallest unit on a computer screen
laser: A laser printer provides high-quality print
plotter: A plotter is a device for drawing from a computer
scanner: A scanner lets a computer accept paper input
floppy: A floppy disc can be used to store computer data
kilobyte: A kilobyte is 1024 bytes
handling information 1
database: A database is used to store and work with data
delete: To remove a record is to delete it
information: Useful data provides information
insert: A word-processor lets you insert words into text
loading: A program is loading as it is being installed in the computer
processing: A computer is used for processing data
software: Instructions are given to a computer as software
analysis: An analysis gains information from collected data
access: The access to certain data is controlled in a network
spreadsheet: A spreadsheet is used to calculate and display numbers
quantitative: Analysis to do with amount of data is quantitative
qualitative: Analysis to do with the kind of data is qualitative
data: All information in a computer is kept as data
control and modelling
procedure: A procedure is a set of instructions
measurement: A measurement finds the size of something
feedback: With feedback you learn the effects of an action
sensor: A sensor is a device for collecting data
simulation: A simulation uses the computer to model an event
variable: A variable is an item whose value can alter
interface: An interface is where two systems speak to each other
robot: A robot can emulate some human actions
logging: The recording of data by computer is called logging
communication
communication: The exchange of information is communication
digital: Something digital counts in units
modem: A modem connects a computer to a telephone line
network: A network connects several computers and equipment
fax: A fax or facsimile is a way of sending messages by phone
satellite: A satellite network is a powerful way to transmit data
phone: A phone is for direct voice communication at a distance
channel: The data for a particular link moves down a single channel
teleworking: Working at home and using phone and modem is teleworking
internet: The internet is the worldwide network of connected computers
import: To import data is to bring it in from another source
text editing
cursor: A cursor is a pointer on the screen
back-up: A back-up is a copy of data kept for security
font: A font is a set of characters in a particular style
replace: It is simple to replace words in a word-processor
paste: To paste an item is to place it within a document
menu: A menu is a list of possible actions
desktop: The window environment of a computer is called the desktop
template: A template is some text which can be used lots of times
virus: A virus is a program whose purpose is to destroy data
search: A computer is an efficient way to search for information
word-processor: A word-processor is software for writing and editing text
handling information 2
clicking: You can select an item by clicking with the mouse
numeric: A numeric field is one which contains numbers, not text
function: A function is a group of instructions
icon: An icon represents a program or an action
image: A picture is kept on the computer as an image file
record: A record is a single set of data
cell: Data in a spreadsheet is entered in a cell
column: A column is a vertical set of cells or other data
scale: You see a document better by increasing its scale
field: A field is part of a record, containing an item of information
file: A file is a collection of data stored by a computer
Art
styles
Renaissance:
Renaissance art was based on observation of the visible worldImpressionism: Colour, tone and texture are the hallmarks of Impressionism
Expressionism: Expressionism is the artist's emotional response to reality
Baroque: Baroque is an extravagant style of the 17th century
medieval: Concerning the Middle Ages is medieval (also spelled -iaeval)
contemporary: Present-day art is contemporary
abstract: Art of an abstract nature does not try to be realistic
figurative: Art relating to the representation of form is figurative
Classicism: Classicism is the artistic style of ancient Greece
Cubism: Fragmented objects and absence of perspective indicate Cubism
Pointillism: Creating pictures by applying dots of paint is Pointillism
Surrealism: In Surrealism, fantasy and reality are often linked
forms of art, 2-dimensions
photograph: Without a camera you cannot take a photograph
picture: A picture is a representation of something in two dimensions
stencil: A stencil makes it easy to paint a shape
illustration: The illustration on this page is by a well known artist
lithograph: A lithograph is a print made from a plate with ink and grease
etching: An etching is a print from a metal plate treated with acid
silhouette: A silhouette is like the shadow of an object
cartoon: A cartoon is amusing art, sometimes animated
portrait: A portrait is an image of a person in art or photography
fresco: A fresco is painted with watercolours on fresh plaster
mural: A picture painted on a wall is a mural
landscape: A landscape is an open view of countryside
mosaic: A mosaic is a picture composed of small coloured pieces
forms of art, 3-dimensions
collage: A collage is a picture made up from existing objects
jewellery: Fine jewellery may be made with gold
sculpture: A marble statue is a piece of sculpture
embroidery: The art of stitching pictures on cloth is embroidery
artefact: An object of artistic or historical interest is an artefact
ceramics: Art forms created from clay or quartz sand are ceramics
architecture: The design of buildings is architecture
mask: A mask held over your face will change your appearance
batik: In batik, colour-resistant wax is used to create a design
origami: The Japanese art of paper-folding is origami
carving: A carved object, design or figure is a carving
tapestry: A picture embroidered in wools or silks is a tapestry
casting: A mould is used to make a casting
relief: Figures in relief stand out from their background
talking about art
composition: The arrangement of contents in a work of art is composition
figure: A figure is the shape of a person
foreground: She drew trees in the foreground and hills behind
perspective: In drawing, perspective is used to create depth and distance
proportion: The relation of one element to a complete work is its proportion
texture: The feel of material is its texture
tactile: If a fabric feels good to touch, it is tactile
background: A background is the scenery or environment behind something
culture: A culture is the customs and traditions of a particular group
surface: The surface is the area on which you paint
tools and materials
charcoal: The blackened wood used in art is charcoal
acrylic: If you need a fast-drying, versatile paint, use an acrylic
turpentine: Use turpentine to thin paint or clean brushes
canvas: A canvas is a piece of cloth used as a surface for painting
vellum: Strong, cream-coloured paper is vellum
pastel: A crayon made of powdered pigment is a pastel
marble: Used for statues, marble should be white and non-porous
bronze: An alloy of copper and tin is bronze
palette: An artist uses a palette to mix colours
chisel: A sculptor may use a chisel to carve stone or wood
techniques
illuminate: To illuminate something is to enhance it with light or colour
superimpose: To superimpose means to put one image on top of another
scumble: To scumble is to soften hard lines or colours by rubbing them
stipple: To stipple is to make light and shade effect with brush strokes
redefine: To redefine a painting is to make the original lines clearer
shading: Use shading to indicate degrees of light and dark
crosshatch: You crosshatch by shading in a criss-cross line pattern
highlight: If you accentuate something with light, you highlight it
Music
performing
concert:
The school choir gave a concert at the town hallperformance: The play's first performance is tonight
practice: The choir needed a long practice before the performance
microphone: A microphone is used to pick up sound
practise: You could sing like me if you practise hard
rehearsal: A rehearsal is a practice performance
acoustics: The acoustics of the church made the singing echo
amplifier: An amplifier is for making sounds louder
recital: A recital is a public performance by a solo musician
composing
rhythm: A strong pattern of sound is rhythm
phrase: Imagine that a phrase is a short musical sentence
improvisation: Making up the music as you play is improvisation
instrumental: You won't hear any voices in instrumental music
chord: A chord is a harmonious group of three or more notes
variation: A variation repeats the tune in a different style
notation: Read the notation and it will show you what to play
accompaniment: Singers often have a guitar accompaniment
melody: A tune is sometimes called a melody
ostinato: An ostinato is a repeating bass pattern
orchestration: Arranging music for an orchestra is called orchestration
treble: The treble clef indicates the higher notes
clef: The treble clef indicates the higher notes
stave: A stave is the set of five lines on which music is written
listening
musical: A musical is a mixture of music, dance and drama
symphony: A symphony is a big orchestral composition
Romantic: The Romantic movement was about expressing emotion
classical: Was Mozart the John Lennon of classical music?
Baroque: Baroque is an extravagant style of the 17th century
concerto: A concerto is music for orchestra and a soloist
sonata: A sonata is usually played solo
oratorio: An oratorio is biblical music for singers and orchestra
reggae: Rhythmic rock music from the West Indies is reggae
fugue: In a fugue, a tune stated by one voice is copied by another
fusion: A mixture of two different musical styles is fusion
Renaissance: In Renaissance music a tune is copied by each voice part in turn
opera: A story set to music is opera
minimalist: Modern music which is simple and explores tonality is minimalist
musicians
choir: A choir is a large or small group of singers
composer: A composer writes music
conductor: A conductor helps the orchestra to keep time
duet: The two boys together sang a duet
orchestra: An orchestra is a number of musicians playing together
soloist: The soloist sang alone
trio: A trio is a group of three players
quartet: A quartet is music for four, and the people who play it
busker: The busker stood on the corner and played for passers-by
minstrel: A minstrel was a medieval musician and entertainer
ensemble: An ensemble is a small group of musicians
vocalist: A singer may also be called a vocalist
gamelan: A gamelan is an Indonesian percussion orchestra
instrumentalist: Anyone who plays an instrument is an instrumentalist
talking about music
theme: A theme is the subject of a composition
modulation: A change from one key to another is a modulation
syncopation: Off the beat rhythm is called syncopation
instrumentation: A composer's choice of instruments is his instrumentation
harmony: Notes which sound good together are in harmony
discord: Notes which sound harsh together make a discord
lyrics: The words of a song are known as lyrics
tonality: The sound relation between the notes of a scale is tonality
homophonic: Music based on chords is said to be homophonic
polyphonic: Music using separate melodic lines is polyphonic
dissonance: Sounds which clash cause dissonance
pentatonic: The pentatonic scale is a five-note musical scale
chromatic: The chromatic scale consists of all 12 semitones
descant: A descant is played or sung above the melody line
instruments
guitar: The electric guitar leads many bands
percussion: Drums and cymbals are percussion instruments
strings: The strings are orchestral instruments played with a bow
piano: I can play 'chopsticks' on the piano
brass: The trombone and trumpet are both brass instruments
woodwind: Clarinet, flute and oboe are woodwind instruments
xylophone: A xylophone has wooden bars you hit with hammers
bassoon: The low woodwind sound comes from the bassoon
oboe: That thin reedy woodwind sound comes from the oboe
cello: You sit to play the cello as it's much bigger than a violin
saxophone: I wish I could play saxophone like Lisa Simpson
sitar: A sitar is a long-necked Indian string instrument
clarinet: The clarinet is a wind instrument, usually made of wood
glockenspiel: A glockenspiel is a set of bells or bars played with hammers
timpani: Kettledrums are sometimes called timpani
voices
soprano: A female singer who can reach high notes is a soprano
tenor: The tenor sings the higher range of the male voice
bass: The bass sings the lower range of the male voice
alto: The alto sings the lower range of the female voice
contralto: Female alto voices are often called contralto
Physical education
games
coach:
Their coach makes them train very hardcourt: We played tennis on a grass court
cricket: You need a bat and ball for cricket
referee: The referee blew his whistle for full-time.
badminton: You hit a shuttlecock over a high net in badminton
volleyball: Players use hands to hit a ball over a high net in volleyball
hockey: Players use sticks to hit the ball into a goal net in hockey
rounders: Hit the ball then touch four bases to score at rounders
netball: Players score by shooting a ball through a high net in netball
fielding: The fielding team tries to get the batting team out
offside: A player who is illegally in front of the ball is offside
attacker: A player who is involved in scoring situations is an attacker
defender: A player who prevents scoring situations is a defender
tennis: Use a racket to hit the ball over a low net in tennis
gymnastic activities
gymnastics: Rings, bars and vaulting horses are used in gymnastics
rolling: Turning over and over whilst curled up is rolling
balancing: If you stand on one leg without falling over, you are balancing
somersault: You turn a somersault if your heels flip over your head
trampoline: A trampoline is springy so you can jump higher
vault: To vault is to jump over something, at times using a pole
approach: Your run-up to a jump is your approach
apparatus: Equipment used in gymnastics is sometimes called apparatus
dance
rhythm: A strong pattern of sound is rhythm
choreography: The design of dance routines is choreography
ballet: Classical dance is known as ballet
ballroom: Waltz, tango and foxtrot are all ballroom dances
coordination: When several parts move in harmony, this is coordination
interpretation: The way a dancer expresses a dance is his interpretation of it
performance: A performance is a dance presentation for an audience
expression: Representing emotion by movement and gestures is expression
athletic activities
jogging: Running at an easy pace is jogging
athletics: Throwing, jumping and running events are part of athletics
javelin: A javelin is like a spear
relay: Teams of four competitors compete in a relay
hurdles: Athletes run and jump over a series of obstacles in hurdles
discus: Round and almost flat, a discus is thrown as far as possible
competition: People who want to test their skills will enter a competition
baton: A baton is a stick passed from runner to runner in a relay
decathlon: A decathlon is a contest comprising ten athletic events
pentathlon: A pentathlon is a contest comprising five events
marathon: The marathon is the best-known long-distance race
attempt: An attempt is a go!
disqualification: Being excluded from an event is disqualification
sprint: A sprint is a fast run over a short distance
outdoor activities
obstacle: An obstacle is something which stands in the way
orienteering: Use a compass and map to find your way in orienteering
adventurous: If you are not afraid of taking risks, you are adventurous
canoeing: Paddling a canoe is canoeing
climbing: Hill or mountain, climbing is going upwards!
abseiling: Descending a rock face by rope is abseiling
navigation: Finding your way on land or sea is navigation
survival: Staying alive in difficult situations is survival
kayak: A kayak is a single-person canoe
swimming
breaststroke: Swimming like a frog is breaststroke
synchronised: Movement in water to music is synchronised swimming
resuscitation: Reviving an unconscious person is resuscitation
medley: A medley is a relay race with different strokes
propulsion: The way you move yourself through the water is propulsion
backstroke: Crawl done on your back is backstroke
butterfly: Arms move forward together in butterfly stroke
competitor: A competitor is someone who takes part in a competition
diving: Entering water head first is diving
gala: A gala is a competition between swimming clubs
fitness/training
extension: Stretching a muscle or unbending a joint is extension
rotation: Circular movement of a joint is rotation
abduction: An outward muscle movement is abduction
adduction: An inward muscle movement is adduction
aerobic: Exercise which increases lung function is aerobic
isotonic: Exercises in which muscles are lengthened are isotonic
isometric: Exercises in which muscle length remains the same are isometric
flexibility: The body's ability to bend and stretch is its flexibility
endurance: An endurance event demands a prolonged physical effort
technique: A recommended way of doing something is a technique
stretching: If you straighten and extend your body, you are stretching
repetitions: How many repetitions of this exercise can you do?
circuit: A training circuit contains different types of exercise
the body
respiration: Intake of oxygen and output of carbon dioxide is respiration
adrenaline: The hormone which stimulates blood flow is adrenaline
muscle: A muscle is an organ for moving a part of the body
dislocate: To put a bone out of joint is to dislocate it
concussion: A bang on the head can cause concussion
nutrition: The science of nourishing the body is nutrition
dehydration: A lack of water in the body leads to dehydration
deficiency: A deficiency is when the body doesn't have enough of something
circulatory: A circulatory problem is related to the circulation of the blood
vertebral: The spine can also be called the vertebral column
hygiene: The science of cleanliness is hygiene
injury: Fitness and training can minimise the risk of injury in sport
Religious education
religions
Christianity:
Belief in Jesus Christ as Son of God is part of ChristianityIslam: Established by Muhammad, Islam is submitting yourself to God
Hinduism: A group of beliefs and rituals originating in India is Hinduism
Buddhism: The four noble truths and the eightfold path exist in Buddhism
Judaism: Judaism believes in a Covenant between God and the Jewish people
Jainism: Non-violence and interdependency are basic to Jainism
Baha'i: A key Baha'i belief is the oneness of humankind
Rastafarianism: Rastafarianism believes in Ethiopia as the promised land
Sikhism: The holy book of Sikhism is the Guru Granth Sahib
Shintoism: Shintoism is a religion respecting the powers of nature, or Kami
Confucianism: Confucianism teaches respect for the established order
Taoism: Taoism emphasises the dual nature of the universe
religious practice
ceremony: The wedding was a happy ceremony
prayer: In prayer a person addresses a deity
wedding: A wedding is the ceremony where people vow to stay together
worship: To worship is to pay deep respect
meditation: In meditation you achieve heightened spiritual awareness
chanting: Intoning prescribed words to a rhythmic pattern is chanting
kneeling: Resting on your knees during prayer is kneeling
prostration: Kneeling and bending your body to the ground is prostration
baptism: Ritual sprinkling with water or immersion in it is baptism
funeral: A funeral service pays respect to someone who has died
yoga: Physical and mental exercises help spiritual awareness in yoga
rite: A rite is another word for a ritual
miracle: A miracle is a happening without a logical explanation
service: A service is a communal form of worship
places of worship
abbey: Monks once lived in the old abbey
church: Christians go to church to pray
monastery: A monastery is a place for monks to pray or meditate
temple: A temple is a holy building used for ritual and worship
mosque: Muslims worship in a mosque
gurdwara: A gurdwara is a Sikh temple
cathedral: A cathedral is a large church with a bishop attached to it
chapel: A chapel is a nonconformist church
synagogue: Jews worship in a synagogue
mandir: A mandir is a place for Hindu worship
people and religion
priest: A priest is a person who leads religious services
vicar: A vicar is in charge of an Anglican parish
monk: A monk devotes himself to a life of prayer or contemplation
clergyman: A clergyman is a person who leads Christian worship
bishop: A bishop is in charge of the churches in his area, or diocese
archbishop: The archbishop is the chief bishop
mullah: A mullah is a learned member of the Muslim religion
rabbi: A rabbi leads study and worship in a synagogue
ascetic: An ascetic lives a life of austerity
worshipper: A worshipper is a person at prayer
congregation: A congregation is a group of worshippers
saint: A saint is held to be an especially holy person
guru: A guru is a spiritual leader in Eastern religions
disciple: A disciple is the student of a spiritual leader
yogi: A yogi is someone who practises yoga
religious groups
Protestant: A Protestant church was one protesting against Catholic practice
Catholic: The Roman Catholic church accepts the authority of the Pope
Evangelical: An Evangelical church believes in spreading the Gospel
Shia: A Shia is a follower of Muhammed's cousin Ali
Sunni: A Sunni is a supporter of the Muslim body of Sunna law
Mahayana: Mahayana Buddhists strive for the enlightenment of all people
Theravada: Theravada Buddhists follow more closely the original teachings
Orthodox: An Orthodox Christian belongs to the Eastern group of churches
liberal: A liberal person is opposed to dogmatic beliefs
Reform: Reform Judaism tries to adapt Jewish beliefs to the modern world