StarSpell 2.3 words with sentences

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Important ‘sight’words

Essential words 1st

being and doing words

got: We went in the rain and got wet

had: I did my work then had a rest

is: A cat is an animal

was: There once was an ugly duckling

went: Jack and Jill went up the hill

other useful words

it: He got his milk and drank it

of: I ate a bag of crisps

the: This is the house that Jack built

when: A hen clucks when it lays an egg

people words

he: As Jack fell down he broke his crown

she: Jill hurt her hand when she fell

we: Shall we go in for our tea?

you: Shut your eyes if you want a surprise

whereabouts words

in: The cat is in her basket

on: She sat on the donkey

there: We're standing here but the bus stops over there

to: I went to the fair

up: Jack and Jill went up the hill

with: My cat plays with string

words for joining

and: I like cats and dogs

but: Birds can fly but cats can't

so: The car won't start so we must push it

then: First bake the cake then eat it

being and doing words

came: My aunt came to see us last week

go: Rain, rain, go away

have: Let's stop and have a rest

like: I like jam better than butter

said: Ben came in and said hello

were: Once upon a time there were three pigs

Essential words 2nd

people words

him: I prod my brother to annoy him

his: He held out his hand

me: My name belongs to me

my: I eat the chips and lick my lips

they: Shoes hurt when they pinch

useful words 1

all: The dog ate up all my dinner

for: A pen is for writing

some: Most birds can fly and some can swim

that: Let's go this way, not that way

this: My pen is this pen here

useful words 2

big: She saw the giant's big foot

little: This little pig went to market

not: I do not like being lost

very: An elephant is a very big animal

whereabouts words

at: I live at home

back: My dog brings back his ball

down: The skittles all fell down

out: I fell out of bed and woke up

Essential words 3rd

being and doing words

are: Cats and dogs are animals

be: I want to be your friend

could: He said he could do magic

do: There are lots of things I like to do

will: I will go even if it rains

would: I would rather fly than walk

more doing words

called: My dog is called Superdog

going: We are going to the fair

made: At last the pills made him better

put: She put the key into the lock

saw: He looked up and saw the moon

people words

our: We are five in our family

their: The kittens lost their mittens

them: I got some eggs and boiled them

us: Please give us our ball back

your: Clap your hands if you like the show

time (when) words

after: C comes after B in the ABC

again: It's nice to be back home again

as: She went to the party dressed as a witch

now: Right now is the time to do it

whereabouts words

about: This story is about myself

from: Milk comes from cows

into: It was very late when I got into bed

off: Humpty Dumpty fell off the wall

over: The cow jumped over the moon

Essential words 4th

doing words

come: Will you come to my party?

found: I looked around and found a pound

lived: Cavemen lived in caves

made: At last the pills made him better

play: Come and play ball with us

took: She took a look at her book

want: I want a drink when I'm thirsty

question words

how: Show me how a brown owl hoots

what: A hat is what you put on your head

when: A hen clucks when it lays an egg

where: Just here is where I sit

which: Tell me which cup is mine

who: I wonder who is knocking at my door

why: Tell me why she is not here

useful words

away: I forgot to put my things away

by: Please may I sit by the door?

no: Shake your head for no

other: Would you like this book or the other one?

too: My two cats are too lazy to go out

yes: Nod your head for yes

words for joining

if: It would be magic if I could fly

next: If it's Sunday, Monday's next

once: There once was an ugly duckling

or: We could go home or stay here

Numbers days months colours

colour words

black: The night was black and all was dark

blue: When the sky is blue the sun shines too

brown: Grill any food and it turns brown

green: Grass is green

purple: The colour purple is like a mixture of blue and red

red: This box is red all over

white: Fresh snow looks white

yellow: Buttercups are yellow

days of the week

Friday: Friday is named after the goddess Frigga

Monday: Monday is named after the moon

Saturday: Saturday is called after the god Saturn

Sunday: Sunday is named after the sun

Thursday: Thursday is named after the god Thor

Tuesday: Tuesday is called after the god Tiw

Wednesday: Wednesday is named after the god Woden

months

April: April is the fourth month of the year

August: August is a holiday month in Europe

December: December is the twelfth month of the year

February: February is the second month of the year

January: The year starts on the first of January

July: The month of July is named after Julius Caesar

June: Summer begins in June

March: The month of March is named from Mars, god of war

May: May in Europe is a month of spring

November: November is the eleventh month of the year

October: October the tenth month was the eighth Roman month

September: September is the last month of summer in Europe

numbers 1 to 10

eight: A spider has eight legs

five: People have five toes on each foot

four: Chairs need four firm legs

nine: A cat is said to have nine lives

one: We have two eyes and one nose

seven: There are seven days in a week

six: An ant has six legs

ten: My toes add up to ten

three: A triangle has three sides

two: We have one nose but two eyes

numbers 11 to 20

eighteen: Eight and ten make eighteen

eleven: There are eleven players in a football team

fifteen: Five and ten make fifteen

fourteen: Ten plus four makes fourteen

nineteen: Nine and ten make nineteen

seventeen: Seven and ten make seventeen

sixteen: Six and ten make sixteen

thirteen: Three and ten make thirteen

twelve: A dozen is twelve of anything

twenty: Two men have twenty toes

Other important words

being and doing words

been: I've been to London to see the Queen

does: She does judo on Monday after school

don't: Dinosaurs don't live here any more

done: My work is all done and finished

gave: I gave my dinner to the cat

give: Let me give you a present

goes: He goes to bed when he's tired

make: I like to make a fuss of my dog

may: He may be poor but he is kind

must: We must eat to stay alive

shall: What shall we have for tea?

want: I want a drink when I'm thirsty

other useful words

around: The pony trots around the ring

because: We went indoors because of the rain

here: This spot right here is good for our picnic

just: She grabbed the glass just as it fell

myself: When I look in a mirror I see myself

only: I have only one sweet left

own: I wish I had a pet of my very own

please: A dish of milk will please my cat

together: Bread and jam go well together

under: The river runs under the bridge

upon: Once upon a time there were three little pigs

qualifiers

an: I had a pear and an apple

any: Choose any number between one and ten

both: Bananas and pears are both fruit

every: I have every record the group ever made

good: A good dog sits when it's told

many: There are many fish in the sea

much: A lion is much bigger than a mouse

old: This tree is a hundred years old

small: A small button fits a tiny hole

these: You like those shoes but I like these

those: These apples are sweet but those are sour

time words

afternoon: The afternoon is between the morning and the evening

awake: Unable to sleep, he lay awake all night

before: Unwrap a sweet before you eat

morning: The sun comes up in the morning

never: We never sleep standing up

soon: Bedtime comes too soon

today: The day before tomorrow is today

tomorrow: The day after today is tomorrow

yesterday: The day before today was yesterday

Words by theme

fairy stories

castle: A big strong castle stood on a hill

dragon: The dragon gave a fiery hiccup

fairy: There's a fairy on top of the Christmas tree

forest: The woodcutter lived deep in the forest

giant: Next to the giant she looks so small

magic: By magic her rags became a fine gown

prince: A prince is the son of a king

princess: So the prince and princess lived happily ever after

spell: A spell turns the pumpkin into a coach

wicked: Are all witches wicked?

wishes: Cinderella's wishes all came true

witch: In flew the witch on her big black broom

familiar places

bathroom: I wash myself in the bathroom

bedroom: There are bunk beds in my bedroom

garden: My garden has both weeds and flowers

home: We live at home

kitchen: Dad was in the kitchen cooking dinner

lounge: The most comfortable chairs are in the lounge

shop: Her shop sells toys

supermarket: We filled our trolley with food at the supermarket

town: A town is bigger than a village

family and friends

aunt: My aunt is married to my uncle

baby: My aunt's baby is only four weeks old

boy: Every man was once a boy

brother: Sister and brother went home together

child: The child skipped along with a toy

children: The child ran to join the other children outside

father: A father is somebody's dad

friend: A friend is there in good times and bad

girl: His sister was a happy girl

mother: A mum is a mother

sister: My sister has her own room

uncle: An uncle is a brother of my mum or dad

outings

bus: The big red bus goes to town

car: Mum drives us to school by car

coach: We went to London by coach instead of by train

minibus: Only ten of us can fit in the school minibus

picnic: We spread a cloth on the grass for a picnic

play: Come and play ball with us

seat: I gave up my seat to the old man

ticket: We had to buy a ticket to get into the zoo

train: Our train leaves the station at ten.

zoo: A zoo was once called a zoological garden

parties

balloons: Blowing up balloons takes a lot of puff

birthday: Your birthday marks the day you were born

cake: I love cake with jam in it

cards: The postman came with a pile of birthday cards

crisps: Everyone had a bag of crunchy crisps

game: Can we play a game?

presents: I love unwrapping birthday presents

sandwich: Try this jam and peanut butter sandwich

sweets: Mints, toffees and jelly babies are all sweets

parts of the body

arms: Your arms are for hugging

ears: Your ears are for hearing

eyes: Your eyes are for seeing

face: I'll laugh if you pull that funny face

feet: She had no shoes on her feet

fingers: We have eight fingers and two thumbs

foot: Each foot has five toes

hair: His hair was cut very short

hands: Clap your hands

head: Please turn your head and look at me

legs: Long legs are good for running

mouth: His mouth was open to speak

nose: Your nose runs if you have a cold

toes: We have five toes on each foot

pets

cat: My cat laps up milk

dog: Our dog barks at cats

gerbil: A small gerbil ran inside its wheel

goldfish: The orange goldfish swam around its bowl

hamster: A hamster has big cheek pouches to store food

horse: The sad horse waited for his rider.

kitten: My kitten is fluffy and playful

mouse: My pet white mouse nibbles cheese

pony: A pony is a small type of horse

puppy: A dog is a puppy until it is grown

rabbit: Our pet rabbit ate Mum's prize carrots

school

book: She sat reading her book

classroom: Our classroom is next to the music room

paper: Someone had scribbled on every sheet of paper

pen: She writes with a red pen

pencil: I write in pencil if I need to rub out

read: This book is good to read

school: Children learn and play at school

teacher: Our teacher needs lots of patience

workbook: This workbook has spaces for me to write answers

write: I want to write him a letter

One letter for one sound

Short vowels

'a' as in cat

bad: A bad egg smells horrid

bag: Her bag holds a lot

can: Birds can fly

cat: My cat laps up milk

had: I did my work then had a rest

hat: He wore a woolly hat

jam: I like jam on bread

man: Every man was once a boy

ran: She ran quickly to catch the bus

'e' as in bed

bed: I sleep in a big bed

get: We will get wet in the rain

hen: My hen lays brown eggs

leg: I can stand on one leg

net: We need a net to dip in the pond

pen: She writes with a red pen

pet: I have a spider for a pet

red: This box is red all over

set: I have a new set of felt pens

yes: Nod your head for yes

'i' as in big

big: She saw the giant's big foot

bit: This bit fits here

hid: The squirrel hid its nuts

him: I prod my brother to annoy him

his: He held out his hand

lid: I put the lid back on the box

lip: I bit my lip

pig: The pig gave a grunt

six: An ant has six legs

win: Only one of you can win the prize

'o' as in dog

box: In this box there is a present

dog: Our dog barks at cats

fox: A fox hunts to eat

hot: Fire is hot

job: His job is washing up

lot: Her party was a lot of fun

not: I do not like being lost

pop: The balloon went pop!

top: The top of the jar got stuck

'u' as in sun

bus: The big red bus goes to town

but: Birds can fly but cats can't

cup: Gran has a cup of tea with me

cut: She cut the bread

fun: Her party was a lot of fun

mug: I sip my mug of hot milk

mum: A mum is a mother

sum: This sum gets a tick

sun: Summer sun is hot

short vowels, plurals

beds: Our family needs four beds

cubs: The fox cubs play by their mother

dots: Try to make a pattern of dots

jugs: The four jugs were full of milk

legs: Long legs are good for running

nets: By the boat were four nets

pans: Now I must wash the pans

pins: Her dress was held up with pins

rats: There were rats in the old house

'y' as a vowel

'y' as in fly

by: Please may I sit by the door?

cry: Sad news made her cry

dry: Boots keep my feet dry

fly: The fly fell in the jam

fry: She began to fry the eggs

sky: Birds fly up in the sky

try: I can be good if I try hard

'y' as in happy

family: The family had a good day out

happy: She is happy on her birthday

hobby: Collecting stamps is my hobby

holly: The holly has a deep red berry

lucky: I was lucky to win

puppy: A dog is a puppy until it is grown

silly: He does look silly in that hat

stuffy: A hot stuffy room is bad for you

twenty: Two men have twenty toes

Final consonant blends

'..ck' as in back

back: My dog brings back his ball

duck: The duck gave a quack

kick: She ran up to kick the ball

lock: He keeps a lock on his bike

luck: We need luck to win today

pack: It's time to pack for our holiday!

pick: I pick apples from the tree

sack: A big sack will hold a lot

sick: I ate so much I was sick!

tick: A tick means yes

'..ft' as in lift

left: Turn left at the corner

lift: They rode to the top in the lift

loft: Dad put my old toys in the loft

soft: A kitten's fur is soft

tuft: He has only got one tuft of hair

'..lk' as in sulk

bulk: My mum buys food in bulk

hulk: The divers swam up to a sunken hulk

milk: I put some milk in my tea

silk: A silk scarf is soft

sulk: She will sulk if she has no work

'..ll' as in hill

bell: The bell rang for playtime

bill: We ate our food, then paid the bill

doll: This doll has long hair

fell: A boy fell off his bike

fill: Please take my cup and fill it up

hill: Up the hill we go!

pill: My magic pill cures everything

sell: They want to sell their car for cash

tell: Let me tell you a story

will: I will go even if it rains

'..lt' as in belt

belt: A belt holds up my jeans

felt: She felt cold all winter

kilt: The Scotsman had a tartan kilt

melt: Snowmen melt in the sun

pelt: Children pelt each other with snowballs

'..mp' as in bump

bump: I got a bump on the head when I fell

camp: Our camp had four big tents

damp: Her wet shoes made the carpet damp

imp: This little imp is up to no good

jump: A frog can jump over a log

lamp: The lamp gave a soft glow

limp: His bad leg made him limp

lump: I had a lump on my head from a fall

mumps: A painful neck may be mumps

pump: You fill up the car at the pump

'..nd' as in bend

and: I like cats and dogs

bend: Drive carefully round a bend

end: At the end of the day I'm sleepy

hand: My hand is to hold things

land: After weeks at sea he saw land

lend: Please lend me some money

pond: Why has this pond got no ducks?

sand: There's so much sand at the seaside

send: I'd like to send her a birthday card

'..ng' as in bang

bang: Bangers go bang

hang: The little monkey has to hang on

king: The king sat on his throne

long: Giraffes need long scarves

lungs: I fill my lungs with fresh air

ring: She has a ring on her finger

sing: Let 's sing a song together

song: The singer sang a sad song

wing: This bird has hurt its wing

'..nk' as in bunk

bank: Money is kept in a bank

bunk: Tom slept in the top bunk

honk: Car horns go honk

pink: Roses are often pink

sink: His sink was full of washing-up

sunk: The ship had sunk to the seabed

tank: Fish swam in the tank

wink: A wink is a one-eyed blink

'..nt' as in ant

ant: An ant has six legs

bent: The shelf was bent

dent: The crash made a dent in my car

hunt: I had to hunt all over to find my socks

pant: A dog will pant when it is hot

sent: I sent her present in the post

tent: I'm going to sleep out in my tent

went: Jack and Jill went up the hill

'..sk' as in desk

desk: I work best at my desk

dusk: Just before dark it is dusk

husk: The husk protects the nut

risk: You risk a fall sitting on that wall

rusk: Our baby likes to chew a rusk

tusk: An elephant tusk is long and white

'..ss' as in kiss

boss: Mum is the boss at home

fuss: He makes a fuss about his food

hiss: The balloon went down with a hiss

kiss: She gave him a big kiss

less: One is less than two

loss: The loss of her pet made her cry

mess: Her hair was such a mess

miss: I don't often miss the target

'..st' as in best

best: I can tell my best friend anything

cost: A big meal out can cost a lot

just: She grabbed the glass just as it fell

list: I made a list of my friends

must: We must eat to stay alive

nest: Four eggs rest in a nest

rest: He had to rest after running so far

test: My sister had her driving test

west: A west wind is a wet wind

'.ing' as in resting

bending: She is bending down to touch her toes

costing: My holiday is costing me a lot

jumping: I like jumping over puddles

resting: He is resting after keep-fit

singing: The birds are singing in the sun

sinking: The ship is sinking fast

sulking: She has to work so she is sulking

Initial consonant blends

'bl..' as in blot

black: The night was black and all was dark

blank: The screen went blank

blend: You blend the eggs with flour and milk

blink: Eyes blink all the time

blob: A blob of jam fell on the cloth

block: A block of wood held back the door

blot: Drip some paint and make a blot

blunt: A blunt knife never cuts well

'br..' as in brick

brag: Winners sometimes show off and brag

bran: When flour is made, bran is left

brand: Which brand of beans is best?

brick: Here's a brick to start a wall

brim: My glass is full up to the brim

bring: Postmen bring the post

brisk: A brisk walk will keep you fit

'cl..' as in clap

clamp: He held the wood in a clamp

clang: The bell went clang

click: The switch goes on with a click.

cliff: Do not go to the edge of the cliff.

cling: A baby will cling to its mother.

clock: The clock strikes three

clog: A wooden shoe is called a clog.

club: The giant had a big club

clump: A clump of reeds grows by the pond.

'cr..' as in crisp

crab: A crab hid in a rocky pool

crack: The egg began to crack open

cramp: The swimmer left the pool with cramp

cress: You can grow cress on wet paper

cricket: You need a bat and ball for cricket

crisp: You can have the last crisp in the packet

crop: Sun makes a crop of corn grow tall

cross: Just one sum had a cross and was wrong

crust: Who wants the crust off this new loaf?

'dr..' as in drum

drag: He had to drag the boat out of the water

dragon: The dragon gave a fiery hiccup

dress: She wore her new dress to the party

drift: Let the boat drift down the river

drill: His drill made a hole in the wall

drink: A fizzy drink tickles your nose

drip: Don't let water drip on the carpet

drop: A drop of rain fell on my hat

drum: We dance as he bangs his drum

'fl..' as in flat

flag: The flag flaps in the wind.

flan: Fill a flan with fruit and jelly

flap: This flap is for the cat

flat: She fell flat on her back

fling: Just fling your coat on the floor

flop: Her first song was a flop.

fluff: There is fluff in the dusty corner

'fr..' as in frog

fret: I did fret when my cat was lost

frill: Her dress was edged with a frill

frock: Gran says frock instead of dress

frog: A frog sits by a pond

from: Milk comes from cows

frond: A frond of weed hid the crab

frost: There is frost on the window

'gl..' as in glad

glad: I'm glad you can come to my party

glen: A glen is a Scottish valley

glint: They saw the glint of gold in the rocks

gloss: Polish gives a gloss to wood

glum: The bad news made her glum

'gr..' as in grin

grand: The king was very grand

grill: You grill food on barbecues

grin: She gave a happy grin

grip: You need a good grip on your bat

grit: A frosty path needs grit

grub: A grub in your apple is bad news

gruff: The man had a gruff voice

grunt: The pig gave a grunt

'pl..' as in plug

plan: This is the plan of the house

planet: Was there once life on the planet Mars?

plank: A plank of wood can make a shelf

plastic: A plastic flower has no smell

plug: A plug keeps water in a sink

plum: I hope this plum is sweet

plump: The rabbit was plump and round

plus: Two plus two makes four

'pr..' as in pram

pram: We took our baby out in the pram

prank: A prank is a silly trick

present: I want to open my present now

press: A bell will ring if you press this button

print: My work is neat when I print it

prison: All prison gates have locks

prod: Mum woke me with a prod in the ribs

prong: One prong of my fork is bent

prop: A prop holds up this washing-line

'qu..' as in quack

quack: The duck gave a quiet quack

quest: His quest was to find the missing ring

quick: You must be quick to win a race

quill: A quill is a feather pen

quilt: My quilt keeps me snug in bed

quit: They had to quit their work and go

quiz: A quiz will test how much you know

'sc..' as in scan

scab: His fall has left a scab on his knee

scalp: Not one hair grew on his scalp

scan: An X-ray scan can see inside us

scoff: Jim would scoff his chips in no time.

scum: Green scum lies on top of the pond

'scr..' as in scrub

scrap: Old tin cans end up as scrap

scrimp: The poor man had to scrimp on food

script: She wrote the script for the puppet play

scrub: Muddy floors need a good scrub

scruff: I look like a scruff when I get up

scrum: The players got into a scrum

'sk..' as in skin

skid: Mud makes cars skid

skill: You need skill to dribble a ball

skim: Let's skim stones across the pond

skin: You need skin to keep your body in

skip: She likes to skip with her new rope

skull: Your skull protects your brain

'sl..' as in slug

slack: Loosen your belt to make it slack

slam: The wind made the door slam

slap: A slap on the hand hurts

slept: Baby slept in a cot

sling: His arm was in a sling

slip: A banana skin made him slip

slit: She cut a slit in the cloth

slot: Put your coin in the slot

slug: A slimy slug slid slowly past

'sm..' as in smug

smack: A smack on the hand hurts

smell: Come and smell this flower

smock: I put on a smock when I paint

smug: She looked so smug when she won

smut: He cleaned a smut of dirt off the window

'sn..' as in snap

snack: I have a snack if I'm hungry

snag: His clever plan went without a snag

snap: My pencil broke with a snap

sniff: Take a sniff and smell this flower

snip: I will just snip the paper in two

snob: A snob thinks he is better than us

snub: It feels like a snub to be left out

snug: The cat is snug beside the fire

'sp..' as in spit

span: We made a bridge to span the stream

speck: A speck of dust went in my eye

spell: A spell turns the pumpkin into a coach

spend: I spend too much on sweets

spill: Be careful not to spill the ink

spin: When I spin round I get dizzy

spit: An angry cat will spit

spots: She had spots when she was ill

'spl..' sa in split

splat: The paint fell with a splat

splendid: You have done some splendid work

splint: They put a splint on his broken leg

split: The plank was split in two

'spr..' as in spring

sprang: I opened the box and out sprang Jack

sprat: A little sprat swam out at sea

sprig: He drew a sprig of holly on his card

spring: A Jack-in-a-box needs a spring

sprint: He won the hundred-metre sprint

'st..' as in step

stamp: Every letter needs a stamp

stand: We saw the match from the stand

step: She fell from the top step of the stairs

stick: This stick is for the campfire

stiff: A stiff knee is hard to bend

still: Keep still while I cut your hair!

sting: A wasp will sting if it is angry

stop: Cars must stop at red lights

stuck: Jam was stuck all over his face

stunt: His best stunt was jumping over two cars

'str..' as in string

strand: A strand of hair was all he had

strap: My case was held shut with a strap

string: My kitten loves a ball of string

strong: This man is so strong he can lift a tonne

struck: The clock struck twelve

'sw..' as in swim

swam: Today I swam in the sea

swank: He likes to swank about his cars

swell: Hot air made the balloon swell out

swift: You must be swift to win a race

swig: He took a swig from the bottle

swill: Water will swill the mess away

swim: I can swim across the pool

swing: Push me high on my swing

'tr..' as in trip

track: A train runs on a track

traffic: Too much traffic blocks the roads

tramp: A tramp has no home

trick: It was a silly trick to hide his pen

trim: His hair needs a trim

trip: Our trip to the zoo was fun

trot: The horse set off at a trot

truck: The truck carried a load of bricks

trunk: A trunk is a very long nose

Letters combined for one sound

'ch', 'sh' and 'th'

'..nch' as in pinch

bench: I often sit on this bench in the sun

bunch: Grapes are picked by the bunch

finch: A finch just loves to eat seeds

hunch: I had a hunch our numbers would win

lunch: I eat my lunch at one o'clock

munch: My pony had an apple to munch

pinch: He put a pinch of salt on his egg

punch: He gave the ball a mighty punch

'..tch' as in catch

catch: He ran to catch the ball

hutch: They made a hutch for their baby rabbit

kitchen: Dad was in the kitchen cooking dinner

match: She lit the candle with a match

pitch: The team ran onto the pitch

scratch: The pin made a scratch on her hand

stretch: As I wake up I stretch my arms

switch: We switch on the light at night

witch: In flew the witch on her big black broom

'ch' as in chat

chat: My mum likes to chat with her friends

check: This pattern is a check

chicken: I like my chicken alive and clucking

chimp: The chimp was unhappy in the zoo

chin: Every day he shaves his chin

chips: Fish and chips taste very good

much: A lion is much bigger than a mouse

rich: A rich man has lots of money

such: Your party was such good fun

'sh' as in shell

brush: A new brush sweeps well

cash: She took the cash to the bank

crash: Their car hit the wall with a crash

fish: One little fish swam in the pond

shell: A snail has a shell on its back

ship: The ship sails out to sea

shop: Her shop sells toys

wish: Most of us wish to be happy

'th' as in think

tenth: Her birthday is the tenth of March

thank: She went to thank them for their help

theft: Stealing things is theft

thick: A big brush paints a thick line

thin: A thin dog needs his food

thing: A cup is a thing for holding drinks

think: I must think before I speak

thud: The spaceship landed with a thud

thump: He gave the ball a great big thump

'th' as in this

that: Let's go this way, not that way

them: I got some eggs and boiled them

then: First bake the cake then eat it

this: My pen is this pen here

with: My cat plays with string

Doubled vowels

'ee' as in feet

feel: I feel cold in the snow

feet: She had no shoes on her feet

green: Grass is green

need: We all need food

screen: I like a TV with a big screen

sleep: After his walk my dog goes to sleep

speed: He ran for help at top speed

street: The bus to town stops down the street

sweet: I wish I had a sweet to suck

tree: A tree needs deep roots

'oo' as in good

book: She sat reading her book

cook: A clever cook bakes better buns

foot: Each foot has five toes

good: A good dog sits when it's told

hood: A snug red hood will keep her warm

hook: I am going to fix a hook for our coats

look: They all ran out to look at the snow

took: She took a look at her book

wooden: Cooks often use a wooden spoon

'oo' as in moon

boot: He left his boot stuck in the mud

cool: A fan will help you to keep cool

food: The boy soon ate up all his food

moon: A silver moon lit up the sky

pool: Come and swim in my pool

proof: The photo was proof he was there

smooth: Her velvet dress was smooth and soft

soon: Bedtime comes too soon

spoon: You need a spoon to eat soup from a bowl

tooth: I bit too hard and hurt my tooth

Paired vowels

'ai' as in train

aim: You need a good aim to play darts

brain: I use my brain to think things out

nail: One more nail should fix this shelf

paint: She took her brush and began to paint

rain: They all got wet in the rain

snail: The snail left a silver trail

train: Our train leaves the station at ten.

wait: We did not wait long for the bus

'au' as in haunt

gaunt: He grew gaunt and thin with illness

haunt: Ghosts are said to haunt that house

launch: He pressed the button to launch the rocket

laundry: Hang your laundry out to dry

taunt: The bully called me names to taunt me

taut: The rope goes taut when both teams pull

'ea' as in bread

bread: Fresh bread makes the best toast

breath: He ran until he was out of breath

dead: With a click the phone went dead

deaf: The deaf man did not hear the bell

head: Please turn your head and look at me

health: An apple a day is good for your health

instead: She wants a pony instead of a bike

sweat: Hard work makes you sweat

wealth: The lottery winner gave away all his wealth

'ea' as in seat

beach: Blue seas lap this sandy beach

beak: A bird pecks with its beak

heat: Fire gives off heat

meal: Beans on toast is a simple meal

seat: I gave up my seat to the old man

steam: Water gives off steam as it boils

stream: A river starts as a stream

team: She plays football in our team

'ie' as in field

brief: A nap is a brief sleep

chief: Sitting Bull was a brave chief

field: She keeps her pony in this field

grief: She wept in grief

shield: His shield should protect him from arrows

shriek: His joke spider made Mum shriek

thief: A thief took all my cash

'oa' as in boat

boat: Our boat sailed on the stormy sea

coach: We went to London by coach instead of by train

coal: A hot coal fell from the open fire

coast: Sandy shores run along this coast

coat: Her coat was warm and made of wool

float: He put a float on his fishing-line

foam: Too much soap makes too much foam

loaf: I like a crusty loaf of bread

road: The long road led to the hills

soap: A bar of soap is for washing

'oi' as in boil

boil: The kettle came to the boil

coin: Let's toss a coin for who goes first

joint: Your elbow makes a joint in your arm

moist: Her hair was moist from the rain

noisy: Their stereo is too noisy

oil: An engine runs well with oil

point: It's rude to point a finger

poison: Never drink poison

soil: Seeds need good soil

toilet: Wooden toilet seats are warmer

'ou' as in cloud

cloud: A small cloud hid the sun

count: I count to ten before I speak

ground: The ground felt firm beneath my feet

loud: Some of us like loud music

mouth: His mouth was open to speak

out: I fell out of bed and woke up

round: All wheels are round

sound: No sound came from the silent house

south: Go south for sunshine

'ou' as in couple

country: He left his own country to go abroad

couple: Two of anything make a couple

courage: It took courage to fight that blazing fire

cousin: My cousin is my uncle's son

nourish: Water and soil both nourish a seed

trouble: In times of trouble we all need help

young: A kitten is a young cat

Vowels with 'gh'

'augh' as in caught

caught: He put out a hand and caught the ball

daughter: He has one daughter and no sons

fraught: A frantic day can leave you fraught

naughty: That naughty kitten has licked the cream

taught: He taught his dog to do some tricks

'eigh' as in weigh

eight: A spider has eight legs

eighty: Four twenties make eighty

neigh: She heard her horse neigh from far away

sleigh: Over the snow she rode in her sleigh

weigh: I had to weigh some flour for a cake-mix

weight: You must be strong to lift such a weight

'igh' as in high

high: From high on the hill they saw for miles

night: All that night the moon shone bright

right: Ticks mean all your sums are right

sigh: With a sad sigh she said goodbye

thigh: Your thigh is your leg from hip to knee

tight: These tight shoes pinch my toes

Vowels with 'r'

'air' as in fair

chair: Pull up a chair and sit down

dairy: Butter and cheese are made in a dairy

fair: I love the fair with all its rides

fairy: There's a fairy on top of the Christmas tree

hair: His hair was cut very short

pair: He always wore a pair of trainers

stairs: Steep wooden stairs led up to the top

unfair: It's unfair to give her a bigger cake

'ar' as in car

dark: The sky was dark that night

farm: Ben grew corn on his farm

garden: My garden has both weeds and flowers

hard: A snail finds it hard to jump

march: The men had to march in time

market: Things are cheap in the market

park: He jogs in the park each day

spark: One stray spark started the forest fire

star: The sheriff has a star as his badge

start: She turned the key to start the car

'are' as in scare

beware: The princess knew to beware of dragons

care: She took care of her teddy bear

dare: I dare you to do a bungee jump

rare: He searches the jungle for rare plants

scare: My sudden yell gave her quite a scare

share: I will let you share my chocolate

spare: Come and play if you have the spare time

square: You never see a square tomato

'ear' as in bear

bear: Deep in the woods a grizzly bear growled

pear: I could not bear to leave that pear unpicked

swear: In court we swear to tell the truth

tear: She had to mend a tear in the cloth

wear: People wear shorts in the summer

'ear' as in beard

appear: As dusk fell I saw the moon appear

beard: His big bushy beard covered his tie

clear: The stream was so clear you could see the fish

ear: She whispered in his ear

fear: A brave man hides his fear

gear: The car was stuck in second gear

hear: Rabbits have long ears to hear danger

rear: Pedals drive a bike's rear wheel

spear: He hurled his spear at the springing lion

'ear' as in pearl

early: He got out of bed early that day

earn: She went to work to earn some money

earth: From space the earth looks beautiful

heard: I heard a great new song today

learn: I try to learn ten spellings a week

learning: I am learning how to swim

pearl: He dived for a pearl to give to his girl

search: A detective needs to search for clues

'eer' as in cheer

beer: The glass of beer had foam on top

cheer: We gave a cheer when our team won

jeer: Unkind people jeer at losers

peer: She had to peer hard to see through the fog

steer: I helped the captain steer his ship into port

'er' as in her

fern: A fern is an evergreen plant

her: She has a ring on her finger

herb: Mint is a herb with a fresh tingly taste

kerb: You wait at the kerb to cross the road

perfect: I may be good but I'm not perfect

person: A person may be a man or a woman

stern: When Mum looks stern we all behave

term: At the end of term our holiday starts

'ir' as in bird

bird: A small bird sang from the treetop

birth: Our cat gave birth to six kittens

dirty: You play in dirt - you get dirty

first: The first to get home is the winner

girl: His sister was a happy girl

shirt: The team's new shirt is blue and white

skirt: Her long blue skirt reached the floor

third: She ate two cakes and then a third

'ire' as in fire

admire: I admire your neat handwriting

bonfire: Cheerful red sparks rose from the bonfire

fire: He lit the fire to get himself warm

fireman: The fireman bravely fought the fire

hire: Dad chose to hire a car in France

retire: He hopes to retire before he is old

wire: He knows how to wire a plug

'oar' as in roar

boar: Wild boar live in the Black Forest

board: The teacher wrote on the board

hoard: The pirates hid their hoard of gold

oar: They each took an oar to row the boat

roar: The angry lion gave a roar

soar: I saw my kite soar high in the sky

'or' as in sport

corn: Butter is good with corn on the cob

fork: He stuck his fork into a pea

morning: The sun comes up in the morning

north: Go north for cold and ice

short: The ladder was too short to reach the top

sort: A bun is a sort of cake

sport: Keep fit with sport

'ore' as in more

before: Unwrap a sweet before you eat

more: She ate lots but wanted more

score: Put the ball in the net to score

shore: Blue sea laps the sandy shore

snore: People who snore keep others awake

sore: Her throat was so sore she could hardly speak

store: Children adore buying sweets from a store

swore: The witness swore to tell the truth

wore: He wore a turban on his head

'our' as in flour

flour: Here is some flour to bake a cake

hour: Sixty minutes make an hour

our: We are five in our family

scour: I'll scrub and scour that dirty old pan

sour: Lemons are so very sour

'our' as in four

court: We played tennis on a grass court

four: Chairs need four firm legs

fourteen: Ten plus four makes fourteen

pour: Use a funnel to help you pour

your: Clap your hands if you like the show

'ur' as in fur

burn: Dry logs burn well

burst: Balloons go bang when they burst

church: Christians go to church to pray

curly: A pig has a curly tail

fur: My cat's fur is soft and fluffy

hurt: When she fell she hurt her hand

turn: I always take my turn to wash up

turnip: A turnip is a root that's good to eat

Vowels with 'w'

'aw' as in claw

claws: The eagle snatched a snake in its claws

crawl: Babies crawl before they walk

draw: The final result was a draw

jaw: You move your jaw when you chew

law: He broke the law when he shot the sheriff

lawn: My lawn grows green and grassy

paw: Our cat dips its paw in its milk

raw: Food is raw until you cook it

straw: She likes to sip her drink through a straw

thaw: The thaw came at last and melted the snow

'ew' as in flew

chew: My dog likes to chew bones

crew: Four fine men were the crew of the ship

drew: He drew a picture of a flower

flew: A bee flew past his nose

grew: He grew prize-winning pumpkins

screw: You turn a screw to tighten it

threw: She threw the ball for me to catch

'ew' as in newt

dew: The leaves that morning shone with drops of dew

few: Just a few pence was all she had left

new: I would like a new bike for my birthday

newt: A newt slid into the pond to swim

stew: A spicy smell rose from the stew

'ow' as in cow

brown: Grill any food and it turns brown

clown: The clown acted the fool

cow: Daisy was a cow who mooed all day

crowd: The crowd packed the stands for the match

growl: The dog gave a growl to warn us off

now: Right now is the time to do it

prowl: My cat goes out to prowl the streets

rowdy: Those rowdy children make too much noise

vow: He made a vow to kill the dragon

'ow' as in show

flow: They watched the river flow smoothly by

grow: Eating your greens will help you grow

show: Let me show you my scar

slow: Slugs and snails are very slow

throw: How far can you throw a ball?

window: She gazed through the green glass window

yellow: Buttercups are yellow

Vowels with 'y'

'ay' as in play

away: I forgot to put my things away

crayon: He drew a tree with his crayon

day: I play all day on holiday

play: Come and play ball with us

say: A chatterbox has lots to say

spray: This spray kills fleas

stay: He had to stay in when he was ill

tray: She took the cups away on a tray

way: Can you tell me the way to town?

'oy' as in toy

annoy: It does annoy me when I miss the bus

boy: Every man was once a boy

convoy: The line of ships was sailing in convoy

destroy: You can destroy weeds by pulling them up

employ: A busy firm must employ more workers

enjoy: We all enjoy a tasty meal

loyal: His loyal dog was a friend for life

royal: The royal coach is for the queen

toy: The child sat playing with a toy

wh', 'ph', 'thr', and 'shr'

'ph' as in photo

alphabet: I know every letter of the alphabet

dolphin: A dolphin hunts fish but is gentle with people

elephant: An elephant came stomping by

graph: A graph makes a picture from numbers

nephew: My sister's son is my nephew

orphan: His parents died and so he was an orphan

phantom: The phantom floated through the wall

photo: She kept his photo in a silver frame

'shr' as in shred

shred: She tore a shred of paper from her notebook

shrill: The whistle blew a shrill note

shrimp: The shrimp was alone in a seaside pool

shrink: Some jumpers shrink in the wash

shrub: I will plant the shrub by the other bushes

shrug: A shrug of his shoulders said he didn't care

'thr' as in thrill

thread: The thread slips through the needle's eye

threat: I see a threat of rain in those dark clouds

three: A triangle has three sides

thrill: Winning gave her such a thrill

throat: He shouted till his throat grew sore

throb: Loud music makes my head throb

throng: A throng packed the ground for the match

thrush: A thrush sang outside my window

'wh' as in wheel

whack: With a whack she hit her head on the shelf

wheat: Farmers grow wheat so we can have bread

wheel: The front wheel of her bike hit the kerb

whip: You have to whip cream to make it thick

whirl: The rides at the fair whirl round and round

whiskers: A cat laps up milk then licks its whiskers

whisper: Softly and in a whisper she told her secret

'wh', question words

what: A hat is what you put on your head

when: A hen clucks when it lays an egg

where: Just here is where I sit

whether: Tell me whether you want this or that

which: Tell me which cup is mine

why: Tell me why she is not here

One letter alters another

'e' alters 'c' and 'g'

'ce' as in cell

audience: The audience clapped as the play ended

cell: Deep in the castle was a dark prison cell

dance: Do try to dance in time to the music

force: The force of the gale made cars overturn

mice: The mouse had a family of baby mice

race: The fastest runner wins the race

service: Buses provide a useful service

space: Travel in space can go far beyond Earth

surface: The pond had ice on its surface

twice: Sing Happy Birthday twice for twins

'cei' as in ceiling

ceiling: A single light hung down from the ceiling

conceited: You're conceited if you think you're better than us

deceit: The old cheat lived a life of deceit

deceive: Camouflage is to deceive the enemy

perceive: Bats perceive sounds we cannot hear

receive: Every winner will receive a prize

received: Noddy received a birthday gift

'dge' as in edge

badge: A soldier has a badge on his cap

badger: A badger lives below ground in a sett

bridge: You can cross the river at the bridge

edge: The land falls steeply at the edge of a cliff

fidget: An itchy jumper makes you fidget

fudge: A piece of fudge is sweet and chewy

hedgehog: A hedgehog has spikes for self-defence

judge: The judge asked the witness to speak up

midget: What a midget he seemed beside the giant!

sledge: Our sledge will go on crisp white snow

'ge' as in cage

angel: An angel is a heavenly messenger

cage: A songbird longs to fly from its cage

garage: Our car goes in the garage overnight

general: The general commands his army

hinge: The old door was hanging by a single hinge

huge: A shoe looks huge to an ant

orange: Cut an orange and juice spurts out

stage: The curtains parted to reveal the stage

strange: The message was strange and puzzling

'e' alters vowels (magic e)

'a-e' as in name

cake: I love cake with jam in it

flame: A flame shot up from the fire

game: Can we play a game?

late: The bus was late today

made: At last the pills made him better

same: These two dogs are the same size

scales: Let's weigh these apples on the scales

scrape: I'll scrape the mud off my shoes

'e' as in hoe, blue

blue: When the sky is blue the sun shines too

clue: There was no clue to the theft

die: Plants die with no water

glue: My brush got stuck in the glue

hoe: You use a hoe to chop out weeds

pie: Would you like a piece of pie?

tie: His tie has blue stripes

toe: It hurts to stub your toe

true: A lie can never be true

'i-e' as in bite

bike: She rides her bike downhill

crime: His last crime was to take a tiger

kite: Fly your kite on a windy day

line: This work has a line through it

mile: From here to home is just a mile.

prize: The winner gets a brilliant prize

size: The twins are the same size

slide: The boy slid down the yellow slide

wide: The river was too wide to jump

'o-e' as in pole

hole: The pirate dug a hole to hide his gold

home: We live at home

hope: I hope to be rich one day and happy

note: Each note she sang was soft

pole: He used a long pole to push out the boat

rose: She picked a rose and pricked her finger

stone: You could trip over that stone

stroke: It is quite safe to stroke my dog

woke: Dad woke Mum with a cup of tea

'u-e' as in cube

compute: The supermarket till will compute your bill.

cube: All the sides of a cube are squares

fuse: She put a new fuse in the plug

tube: Some sweets are sold in a tube

tune: Can you whistle that tune?

use: You cannot use a fork to eat custard

brute: The brute had fangs and claws

crude: A saucepan makes a crude drum

flute: You blow across a flute to play it

June: Summer begins in June

plume: Her hat had a plume of feathers

rude: It is rude to stare

rule: Just rule a line across the page

'i' alters 'c' and 'g'

'ci' as in city

acid: Vinegar has a sharp acid taste

cigarette: A cigarette is smaller than a cigar

cinder: A red-hot cinder scorched the rug

cinema: Our new cinema has ten screens

circus: The circus was held in a huge tent

citrus: Lemons, limes and oranges are citrus fruits

city: Tall buildings line the streets of a city

civil: Polite people give civil replies

civilian: The civilian wore jeans, the soldier a uniform

'gi' as in giant

giant: Next to the giant she looks so small

gin: He asked the barman for a gin

ginger: Bits of ginger make a cake hot

magic: By magic her rags became a fine gown

origin: I know the origin of the rumour because I made it up

original: An original painting isn't a copy

rigid: Something is rigid if it is not flexible

'w', 'qu' alter 'a', 'ar' and 'or'

'qua' as in quality

quality: All her clothes were of the finest quality

quantity: A pinch of salt is not a big quantity

quarrel: They disagreed and started to quarrel

squander: It is silly to squander your savings

squash: If you sit on your lunch you will squash it

squat: I saw a toad squat under a stone

'wa' as in want

swallow: A big pill is hard to swallow

swamp: Our feet got stuck in the muddy swamp

swan: A snow-white swan swam all alone

wad: He stuffs the wad of notes in his pocket

wander: Without fences sheep wander away

want: I want a drink when I'm thirsty

was: There once was an ugly duckling

wash: I went to wash my grubby hands

watch: I like to watch the news on TV

'war' as in warm

warden: The warden told me where to park

warm: The sun made the cat feel warm

warmth: A lamb snuggles up to its mum for warmth

warn: A sign should warn drivers about that bend

warning: The lightning struck without warning

warp: Wooden planks can bend and warp

wart: The wart on his finger became quite sore

'wor' as in worm

fireworks: Dazzling fireworks lit up the night

word: Now here is a word I can spell

work: Nurses work in hospitals

world: The world is the planet on which we live

worm: A wiggly worm lived in the soil

worse: A cold is bad but flu is worse

worship: To worship is to pay deep respect

worth: This gold ring is worth a lot of money

'y' alters 'c' and 'g'

'..cy' as in spicy

emergency: Ring 999 in an emergency

fancy: His flashy tie had a fancy pattern

fleecy: My coat has a fleecy lining

juicy: Peeling juicy fruit makes sticky fingers

mercy: In their mercy they set the captives free

spicy: Curry has a spicy taste

'gy' as in gym

energy: Gas and electricity are forms of energy

gym: I'm off to the gym to exercise

stingy: He was too stingy to buy a single present

Final 'll' 'ld' 'nd' alter vowels

'a' as in tall

all: The dog ate up all my dinner

ball: She kicked the ball into the net

call: Did you hear me call your name?

fall: Humpty-Dumpty had a great fall

hall: Go through the front door and into the hall

small: A small button fits a tiny hole

snowball: We made a big snowball to roll downhill

stall: Let's get an ice cream from that stall

tall: One tree stood tall above the rest

wall: We played with a ball against the wall

'i' as in kind

blind: Guide dogs help the blind get around

find: I must find my lost purse

grind: Mills grind corn to flour

kind: You were kind to help me out

mind: In my own mind I think I'm right

rind: Orange rind goes into marmalade

child: The child skipped along with a toy

mild: It was mild and sunny that spring

wild: Flowers grew wild in the meadow

'o' as in bold

bold: The brave man took another bold step

cold: The snowman stood frozen out in the cold

fold: Your card will stand up if you fold it

gold: Wedding rings are made from gold

hold: The vet let me hold the dog in my arms

old: This tree is a hundred years old

sold: Her little corner shop sold everything

told: Gulliver told the tale of his travels

Words with silent letters

Silent consonants

'..mb' as in lamb

climb: He aims to climb to the top

comb: Do take this comb and tidy your hair

crumb: A crumb fell as she broke the biscuit.

lamb: A lamb soon becomes a sheep

limb: His left leg was the limb he broke

numb: My fingers are quite numb with cold

thumb: You hold your pen between finger and thumb

tomb: A moss-clad tomb stood outside the church

'gn' as in gnat

design: You need a design before you build

gnarl: Old age makes trees twist and gnarl

gnash: A dog will gnash his teeth in anger

gnat: The gnat will buzz and bite at night

gnome: I put a gnome by my garden pond.

reign: Queen Victoria's reign lasted sixty-five years

sign: A sign beside the road shows the way

'kn..' as in knee

knee: I fell and grazed my knee

kneel: People often kneel when praying

knew: After just one lesson I knew how to skate

knife: A good cook needs a sharp knife

knight: The brave knight rode a black horse

knit: Gran will knit me a jumper

knob: The knob turned and the door opened

knock: There came a loud knock at the door.

knot: I tied the rope with a firm knot.

'rh' as in rhyme

rhea: A rhea is like an ostrich, but from South America

rhetorical: A rhetorical question needs no answer

rhino: Four of the five species of rhino are endangered

rhombus: A rhombus has four equal sides

rhubarb: A rhubarb crumble needs sugar to make it sweet

rhyme: Words rhyme when their endings sound the same

rhythm: A strong pattern of sound is rhythm

'wr..' as in write

wrap: I must wrap his present neatly

wreck: The wreck was sunk in a storm.

wren: The little wren sings very loudly

wrench: A wrench is a kind of spanner

wring: My wrists were too weak to wring out the cloth

wrist: Hands twist from the wrist

write: I want to write him a letter

wrong: Stealing things is wrong

silent 'c' as in science

muscle: A muscle is an organ for moving a part of the body

scene: The stage was set for the opening scene

scent: Just smell the scent of this flower

science: Biology is the science of life

scientist: The scientist planned a careful experiment.

scissors: Use sharp scissors to cut paper and cloth

silent 'h' as in hour

heir: The crown prince was heir to the throne

honest: An honest person never lies

honour: It's an honour to have gained this award

hour: Sixty minutes make an hour

silent 'l' as in talk

calf: The cow licked her newborn calf

chalk: White chalk writes well on black

could: He said he could do magic

half: One is half of two

palm: I held the mouse in the palm of my hand

should: I should have trained then I would have won

stalk: The stalk supports the flower

talk: I like to talk to my friend

walk: He went for a long walk

would: I would rather fly than walk

yolk: An egg has a yellow yolk

silent 't' as in castle

castle: A big strong castle stood on a hill

glisten: Raindrops glisten in the sun

listen: I am trying to listen to the music

listening: Keep listening for the doorbell

rustle: I hear trees rustle in the breeze

thistle: A thistle is a prickly flower

whistle: The match ends when the whistle blows

wrestle: They wrestle in the ring for money

Silent vowels

'..gue' as in tongue

catalogue: We order goods from a catalogue

intrigue: This puzzle will intrigue you

league: Our netball team is set to win its league.

plague: A plague kills many far and wide

rogue: A rogue is not to be trusted

tongue: I licked the lolly with my tongue

vague: The trees were vague shapes in the fog

silent 'u' as in guess

biscuit: The dog sat up and begged for a biscuit

build: It takes many bricks to build a wall

disguise: He wore a beard to disguise himself

guarantee: My watch has a ten-year guarantee

guard: The guard stands by his sentry box

guess: Try to guess my age!

guest: The chat-show host welcomed the next guest

guide: Their mountain guide showed them the way

guilty: The jury found her guilty of theft

guitar: The electric guitar leads many bands

silent final 'e' as in have

because: We went indoors because of the rain

cheese: The mouse nibbled the cheese

give: Let me give you a present

have: Let's stop and have a rest

horse: The sad horse waited for his rider.

house: Their house has a blue door

love: The princess fell in love with the frog

pause: She worked all day without a pause

please: A dish of milk will please my cat

purse: All her cash was in her purse

Prefixes, suffixes, roots

"bigger, biggest"

easy > easier >easiest

easier: It is an easy walk but an easier ride by bus

easiest: The simplest work is often the easiest

funnier: Your jokes may be funny but mine are funnier

funniest: He was the funniest comedian in the show

happier: I am happier in jeans than in a suit

happiest: The happiest cat was the one who got the cream

healthier: Walking is healthier than driving

healthiest: Well-balanced meals are the healthiest

late > later > latest

fiercer: A cat is fiercer than a mouse

fiercest: A tiger is fiercest when defending her cubs

larger: As you grow up you need larger clothes

largest: Which animal has the largest feet?

simpler: A hut is simpler than a palace

simplest: The simplest ideas are often the best

whiter: Which detergent washes whiter than white?

whitest: The whitest shirt had no marks at all

old > older

deeper: If the North Sea is deep, the Atlantic is deeper

higher: Snowdon is high but Everest is higher

longer: His arms are long, but his legs are longer

older: That huge old oak is older than any of us

smaller: A mosquito is small but a midge is smaller

taller: Are you taller than your parents?

younger: A grandson is always much younger than his grandfather

old > oldest

deepest: How deep is the deepest ocean?

fastest: Who is the fastest runner of all?

highest: Which is the highest mountain?

longest: How long is the longest river?

oldest: How old is the oldest pyramid?

smallest: How small is the smallest house?

tallest: How tall is the tallest building?

youngest: How young was the youngest England footballer ever?

red > redder > reddest

bigger: An elephant is bigger than a mouse

biggest: How big is the biggest turkey ever?

hotter: The fire is hot and it is getting hotter

hottest: How hot was the hottest day ever?

redder: As they ran their red faces turned redder

reddest: Poppies are the reddest flowers of all

Common suffixes (Latin)

'..able'

acceptable: Any shelter was acceptable in that storm

bookable: Seats are bookable in advance

breakable: Glass windows are usually breakable

drinkable: Water from streams is not usually drinkable

enjoyable: Treats are enjoyable

reasonable: No reasonable request will be refused

'..ance'

allowance: I would like an allowance for buying clothes

appearance: Twins are often alike in appearance

attendance: School attendance is compulsory

clearance: The shop had a clearance sale before it closed down

disturbance: The low-flying aircraft caused a disturbance

performance: The play's first performance is tonight

'..ant'

hesitant: A baby's first steps are hesitant

ignorant: She was ignorant of the rules and committed a foul

important: It is important to look before crossing the road

significant: A fingerprint is a significant clue

triumphant: The winners came home triumphant

'..ence'

difference: There is a difference between apples and pears

evidence: The burglar left little evidence behind him

presence: She never swore in her mother's presence

reference: Look up more details in a reference book

silence: The absence of sound is silence

'..ent'

absorbent: You mop up spills with an absorbent cloth

different: Apples are different from oranges

excellent: Ten out of ten is an excellent result

independent: An independent person is self-reliant

persistent: Her persistent coughing never stopped

urgent: I have an urgent message to go home at once

'..ible'

accessible: Secret files are not accessible to the public

collapsible: Inflatable dinghies are also collapsible!

digestible: Humans don't find grass a digestible food

incredible: No one believed Gulliver's incredible story

responsible: The manager is responsible for choosing the team

reversible: She wore her reversible jacket furry side out

sensible: I trust you to make a sensible decision

visible: Saturn is visible to the naked eye

'..ious'

anxious: She was anxious to know if we were safe

furious: He's not just annoyed, he's furious

obvious: Something obvious needs no explanation

previous: He bought the car from its previous owner

serious: I tried not to laugh because he was serious

various: There are various ways of cooking potatoes

'..ive'

active: An active dog needs lots of walks

attractive: Only warthogs find other warthogs attractive

defective: A defective machine does not work

defensive: A defensive moat guarded the castle walls

effective: Hedgehog's spines make an effective defence

expensive: A diamond necklace is an expensive gift

impressive: The huge dinosaur left an impressive footprint

'..ment'

advertisement: An advertisement tries to attract your attention

development: Space travel is a recent development

measurement: A measurement finds the size of something

movement: Lots of movement will keep you fit

payment: One more payment and the guitar is mine

treatment: Rest is a treatment for flu

'..ous'

bulbous: Frogs have bulbous eyes

dangerous: It's dangerous to walk on thin ice

murderous: The monster attacked with murderous intent

poisonous: The death-cap is a poisonous toadstool

thunderous: Waves crashed ashore with a thunderous roar

'..sion' confuse > confusion

confusion: Mixed messages cause confusion

fusion: Their music is a fusion of jazz and rock

precision: He exactly positioned each tile with precision

profusion: The stalls spilled over with a profusion of goods

revision: The run-up to the exams is time for serious revision

tension: The nerve-racking wait caused mounting tension

conclusion: A conclusion is an ending

decision: Picking the right chocolate can be a difficult decision

division: Sharing things out is division

explosion: An explosion is a chemical reaction that runs out of control

invasion: An invasion is when an army enters a country with hostile intent

persuasion: Lengthy persuasion changed dad's mind at last

'..ssion' discuss > discussion

compression: We use compression to make things smaller

confession: He admitted everything in his confession

discussion: We exchanged ideas in friendly discussion

expression: Her face bore an expression of utter joy

impression: His polite manner made a good impression

possession: Her teddy bear is her favourite possession

'..tion' elect > election

collection: I would like this stamp for my collection

connection: You plug in the cable to make a connection

election: She was elected MP at the last election

exhibition: Local artists held an exhibition of their work

invention: The wheel was an early invention

suggestion: He made a brilliant suggestion for increasing sales

'..tion' relate > relation

completion: Finally, the house needs a roof for its completion

demonstration: We took the new car for a demonstration drive

illustration: The illustration on this page is by a well known artist

pollution: Car exhausts add to pollution

promotion: We're top of the league and so get promotion

relation: Anyone in my family is a relation

relegation: Our relegation followed last year's promotion

'..tion' solve > solution

evolution: The evolution of something is its development over time

resolution: My New Year's resolution lasted until March

revolution: The revolution swept the dictator from power

solution: The answer to a problem is its solution

'..ure'

adventure: Exploring the forest is quite an adventure

culture: A culture is the customs and traditions of a particular group

departure: The plane's departure was delayed by fog

failure: The pie burned, so dinner was a failure

moisture: The steamed-up walls glistened with moisture

pressure: Too much air pressure bursts a balloon

sculpture: A marble statue is a piece of sculpture

Common suffixes (OE)

'..en' gold > golden

earthen: Their huts had earthen floors

golden: The giant's goose laid golden eggs

silken: The silken threads are spun by caterpillars

wooden: Cooks often use a wooden spoon

woollen: My woollen jumper began life on a sheep

'..ern' east > eastern

eastern: The sun rose over the eastern hills

northern: The northern side is towards the North

southern: The southern side is towards the south

western: The sun sank behind the western hills

'..ful' truth > truthful

careful: She was careful to keep to the office routine

colourful: A bed of roses in bloom looks colourful

faithful: His faithful dog followed him everywhere

harmful: Poison is extremely harmful

powerful: Elephants are more powerful than ants

truthful: A truthful answer contains no lies

useful: I never throw useful things away

'..fully' careful > carefully

carefully: They carefully lifted the fragile pane of glass

cheerfully: The singing soldiers marched cheerfully on

faithfully: A letter starting 'Dear Sir' ends with 'Yours faithfully'

gracefully: The dancer moved gracefully across the floor

hopefully: My dog looks up hopefully for a treat

painfully: She ran on painfully with blistered feet

truthfully: He answered truthfully and told them no lies

'..iful' fancy > fanciful

beautiful: The snow-covered mountain looked beautiful

fanciful: His busy imagination produced fanciful ideas

merciful: The merciful pirate saved the drowning sailors

'..ily' happy > happily

angrily: Temper makes her shout angrily

bodily: Food and drink are vital bodily needs

busily: In spring the birds are busily building nests

easily: Her loose shoe came off easily

happily: The children laughed and played happily

hungrily: He hungrily scoffed two bags of chips

noisily: They left noisily, slamming doors and shouting

'..ish' fool > foolish

babyish: Five-year-olds think four-year-olds are babyish

darkish: My hair's darkish brown, not black

fiendish: The angry demon gave a fiendish howl

foolish: Don't I look foolish with this silly clown's nose?

greenish: The sea was more greenish than blueish

outlandish: The band were notorious for their outlandish clothes

smallish: I'll just have a smallish piece of cake

'..less' air > airless

aimless: They were wandering in an aimless way

airless: With no windows the tiny room felt airless

breathless: The climb left her breathless and panting

careless: It was careless to drop your banana skin

countless: There are countless stars in the sky

effortless: Experts make skills seem effortless

pointless: It is pointless trying to empty the sea with a bucket

'..like' life > lifelike

businesslike: Let's be businesslike and plan ahead

childlike: Although grown-up he kept a childlike love of making sandcastles

ghostlike: The spooky white shape gave a ghostlike moan

lifelike: The wax figure was uncannily lifelike

sportsmanlike: If you are sportsmanlike you are a good loser

warlike: The soldiers raised their spears is warlike manner

'..ly' friend > friendly

beastly: The monster howled a beastly howl

cowardly: The cowardly lion hid from the mouse

friendly: She welcomed us with a friendly smile

motherly: She cradled the child in a motherly way

queenly: She gave a queenly wave from the balcony

'..ly' wrong > wrongly

badly: My front wheel is badly twisted

bravely: Firemen bravely fight fires

quickly: Run quickly or you'll miss the bus

quietly: Tiptoe quietly in without a word

silently: He did not cry out but suffered silently

slowly: A slug slowly slithered across the path

suddenly: The door suddenly burst open

wrongly: My innocent friend was wrongly arrested

'..most' top > topmost

foremost: When I'm weary my foremost need is sleep

innermost: A maze of corridors led to the innermost hall

topmost: A bird perched high on the topmost branch

'..some' fear > fearsome

awesome: The awesome sight filled them with wonder

fearsome: His fearsome scowl scares little children

irksome: Your constant nagging is irksome

quarrelsome: That quarrelsome pair argue night and day

tiresome: I'm bored with tiresome chores

troublesome: My troublesome sister annoys me intensely

'..ward' up > upward

backward: Living in caves would be a backward step

downward: On the sledge we began our downward ride

forward: Many cars have five forward gears

homeward: The cattle wander homeward at milking time

upward: I looked at the sky with an upward glance

'..wise' like > likewise

clockwise: The hands on a watch turn clockwise

likewise: What Simon says, you do likewise

streetwise: A streetwise kid survives in a city

'..y' fun > funny

baggy: His baggy trousers were far too big

foggy: It's so foggy we can't see the way

funny: People laugh at funny things

furry: The mouldy bread had gone furry

muddy: They played in mud and got muddy

spotty: That spotty face could mean chicken-pox

starry: The moon was sailing in the starry sky

tinny: Tin whistles can make tiny tinny sounds

witty: A witty comment is funny but not always polite

'..y' grease > greasy

easy: I like simple and easy work

greasy: Elbow-grease cleans greasy dishes

hasty: The dog sniffed the crab then beat a hasty retreat

noisy: Loud machines make a workshop noisy

shady: It was cool beneath the shady trees

shiny: Sunlight glinted off their shiny armour

slimy: A slimy slug slid slowly across the path

tasty: Food that tastes good is tasty

'..y' greed > greedy

dirty: You play in dirt - you get dirty

greedy: My greedy dog ate all my dinner

messy: Finger-painting can be messy

rubbery: It's hard to chew rubbery food

sulky: He's sullen and sulky when he's told off

weighty: I cannot lift this weighty package

Common suffixes (OE, Fr)

'..craft' witch > witchcraft

handicraft: Carving wooden spoons is a Welsh handicraft

needlecraft: Tapestries are examples of needlecraft

witchcraft: A witch was said to harm others by witchcraft

'..dom' free > freedom

boredom: With nothing to do I'd die of boredom

freedom: An uncaged bird has freedom to fly

kingdom: A king or a queen rules over a kingdom

officialdom: But for officialdom I could do what I like

stardom: Every budding band dreams of stardom

wisdom: Living and learning bring wisdom

'..en' tight > tighten

harden: The concrete took ages to harden

lighten: A bit of white paint will lighten the blue

strengthen: I used weights to strengthen my muscles

sweeten: You can use honey to sweeten drinks

tighten: Turn the screw to tighten it

weaken: Add more hot water to weaken your tea

'..ette' diminutive

cassette: A cassette is a handy way to buy music

cigarette: A cigarette is smaller than a cigar

courgette: A courgette is a baby marrow

maisonette: A maisonette is half house, half flat.

marionette: A marionette is a puppet on strings

serviette: I use my serviette to wipe my mouth

'..ful' cup > cupful

armful: I can't hold the baby and an armful of clothes

bucketful: A bucketful of water is enough to clean the car

cupful: A British cupful measures ten fluid ounces

mouthful: Gargle with a mouthful of salt water

spoonful: A spoonful of sugar sweetens coffee

'..hood'

adulthood: Does adulthood start at eighteen or twenty-one?

childhood: The old man's thoughts turned back to his childhood

falsehood: A falsehood is something which is not true

neighbourhood: He's the paper-boy for our neighbourhood

'..iness' bossy > bossiness

bossiness: I hate his bossiness when he orders me around

business: A business sells a product or service

happiness: Her happiness returned when she found her doll

juiciness: Ripe tomatoes are known for their juiciness

readiness: Cars keep a spare tyre in readiness for a puncture

'..let' diminutive

booklet: The booklet tells you how to work the video

droplet: A droplet of water trickled down the window

leaflet: The salesman put a leaflet through the door

piglet: A piglet is a baby pig

ringlet: She gave him a ringlet of her hair

starlet: She was a starlet who had small parts in films

'..ling' diminutive

gosling: Duckling is to duck as gosling to goose

nestling: The baby cuckoo is the only nestling left

seedling: An acorn becomes a seedling and then an oak

underling: I want the person in charge, not an underling!

yearling: A horse under two years old is a yearling

'..ness'

carelessness: Some bad driving is just carelessness

darkness: Out went the lights and we were in darkness

eagerness: He pushed me aside in his eagerness to win

fitness: Exercise helps maintain fitness

goodness: An apple is full of goodness

kindness: She showed kindness in helping the old man across the road

sadness: I felt sadness when my goldfish died

sickness: Paint fumes can cause sickness

'..ship'

citizenship: Her new country granted her citizenship

companionship: Lonely people crave companionship

friendship: Two pen-pals made a lifelong friendship

hardship: There is hardship when the money runs out

relationship: Ben and his dad have a good relationship

'..th' wide > width

health: An apple a day is good for your health

length: The length measures the horizontal extent of an object

ninth: The ninth time is when something has happened nine times

strength: He had the strength to lift the heavy weight

wealth: The lottery winner gave away all his wealth

width: The width of an object measures how wide it is

Further prefixes (Greek)

'a..'

amoral: An amoral action is done without considering morality

apathy: A lack of interest is known as apathy

apolitical: Someone who has no interest in politics is apolitical

asymmetrical: Something asymmetrical has an irregular form

atom: An atom is the smallest unit an element can be divided into

'ambi..'

ambidextrous: An ambidextrous person uses both hands equally well

ambient: Something which surrounds is ambient

ambiguous: Something ambiguous is unclear

ambition: To have an ambition is to aim to do something special

ambivalent: Something ambivalent is not clear-cut

'amphi..'

amphibian: An amphibian is an animal at home on land and in water

amphibious: To be amphibious is to be at home on land or in water

amphitheatre: An amphitheatre is a space surrounded by tiers of seats

'ana..'

anachronism: An anachronism is something out of date

anagram: An anagram is a word with the letters mixed up

analysis: An analysis gains information from collected data

anatomy: The study of the structure of living things is anatomy

'arch..'

archangel: An archangel is a most important angel

archbishop: The archbishop is the chief bishop

architect: Someone who designs buildings is an architect

'auto..'

autograph: An autograph is a signature

automatic: If something is automatic it works by itself

automobile: An automobile is a word for motor car

autopilot: The autopilot on a plane will fly the plane by itself

'epi..'

epidemic: An epidemic is when a disease is caught by many people

epilogue: An epilogue can follow the end of a book

episode: An episode is a part of a television serial

epitaph: An epitaph tells briefly of a dead person's life

'hypo..'

hypochondriac: A hypochondriac believes he is always ill

hypocritical: It is hypocritical if you say one thing and do another

hypodermic: Anything under the skin is hypodermic

hypothesis: A theory which could be proved or disproved is a hypothesis

'mega..' big

megabyte: A megabyte is roughly one million bytes

megaphone: A megaphone makes your voice much louder

megastar: A megastar is a really famous person

megawatt: A megawatt is one million watts

'meta..'

metabolism: Our metabolism makes energy from food

metamorphosis: A change in state is a metamorphosis

metaphor: A metaphor compares things by saying one is the other

'micro..' little

microphone: A microphone is used to pick up sound

microscope: A microscope magnifies close-up objects

microwave: A microwave oven uses extremely high frequency radio waves

'para..'

parable: A parable is a story designed to give a moral lesson

parabola: A parabola is a curve

paradox: A paradox is unexpected but may be true

paragraph: A paragraph is a short but distinct piece of writing

parallel: Lines are parallel when they never get nearer

paramedic: A paramedic is someone who helps doctors

paranormal: Something paranormal appears to have no explanation

parasite: A parasite is a creature that lives on another

'sym.., syn..'

symmetry: Correspondence of parts either side of a line is symmetry

sympathy: Friends shared her sorrow with sympathy

symphony: A symphony is a big orchestral composition

symptom: A symptom is a sign of disease

syndicate: A syndicate is a group who combine for business purposes

syndrome: A syndrome is a group of recognised symptoms

synonym: A synonym has the same meaning as another word

synopsis: A synopsis is a summary of a book

'tele..' far

telegram: A telegram is a message sent by telegraph

telepathy: Using only your mind to communicate is called telepathy

telephone: You speak over a distance with a telephone

telescope: A telescope magnifies distant objects

television: A television receives pictures from afar

'anti..'

anticlimax: The end of a holiday is such an anticlimax

anticlockwise: The hands of a clock never turn anticlockwise

antidote: A dock leaf is an antidote for nettle stings

antifreeze: Car radiators need antifreeze in winter

antiseptic: Clean cuts with an antiseptic to kill bacteria

'bene..'

benefactor: A benefactor gives money to help others

benefit: A benefit is an advantage

benevolent: A benevolent person wishes well to others

'co..'

coerce: He is strong enough to coerce them to leave

coexist: If only all nations would coexist in peace!

cooperate: Let's cooperate and share the work

'co[ll]..'

collaborate: To work together with someone is to collaborate

collate: To collate is to gather information together

colleague: A colleague is someone from work

collect: To bring together or assemble is to collect

colloquial: A colloquial phrase is used in everyday language

'co[rr]..'

correct: To correct something is to make it right

correspond: We correspond when we write to each other

corroborate: To corroborate is to confirm

corrode: To corrode is to be eaten away

corrugated: Something corrugated is wrinkled in folds

corrupt: To corrupt somebody is to turn them from good

'contra

contradict: To contradict is to go against

contraflow: A contraflow means two-way traffic on one carriageway

contravene: To contravene a law is to break it

'extra..'

extraordinary: Something extraordinary is something quite remarkable

extrasensory: Powers beyond the normal senses are said to be extrasensory

extraterrestrial: Beyond the Earth is extraterrestrial

extravagant: To be extravagant is to spend too much

'i[ll]..'

illegal: Something illegal is against the law

illegible: Writing which is impossible to read is illegible

illicit: If something is illicit it is not allowed

illogical: If something is against reason it is illogical

'i[rr]..'

irrational: To be irrational is to think without reason

irregular: Something which is irregular is not in order

irrelevant: If something is irrelevant it is unrelated to the subject

irreplaceable: There is no substitute for something irreplaceable

irresistible: Something irresistible cannot be stopped

irresponsible: An irresponsible act is a careless act

irreversible: Something irreversible cannot be changed back

'inter..'

interchange: Where one motorway meets another is an interchange

interfere: You interfere when you give an unwanted opinion

intermediate: An intermediate level is between an upper and a lower

international: Something occurring between nations is international

interrogate: To interrogate is to question closely

interrupt: To break in on someone is to interrupt them

interval: An interval is a gap between acts of a play

'intra.., intro..'

intravenous: Something within a vein is intravenous

introduce: To introduce is to bring together

introspection: To reflect on one's own thoughts is introspection

'mal[e]..'

malevolent: A malevolent person wishes ill on others

malfunction: A malfunction is when something does not work properly

malnutrition: Insufficient food leads to malnutrition

maltreat: To maltreat somebody is to treat them badly

'mani.., manu..'

manicure: A manicure is special treatment for the hands and nails

manipulate: To manipulate somebody is to use them to your advantage

manufacture: To manufacture is to make things on an industrial scale

manuscript: A manuscript is a piece of writing

'non..'

nonchalant: To be nonchalant is to be unconcerned

nonconformist: A nonconformist is a person who will not conform

nondescript: Something nondescript is unremarkable

nonentity: Something of no importance is a nonentity

nonplussed: To be nonplussed is to be baffled

'ob..'

object: An object is a material thing

obliged: If you are obliged to do something it is compulsory

obliterate: If you destroy something you obliterate it

observe: To observe is to watch carefully

obsolete: Something obsolete is out of date

obstacle: An obstacle is something which stands in the way

obstruct: To obstruct is to get in the way

obvious: Something obvious needs no explanation

'post..'

postdate: To postdate something is to give it a future date

postgraduate: A postgraduate student is studying after a first degree

postpone: To postpone is to put off

postscript: A postscript follows the end of a play, book or letter

'super..'

superfluous: Something superfluous is unnecessary

superimposed: One thing placed over another is superimposed on it

superlative: A superlative thing is better than all the rest

supernatural: Something supernatural does not obey nature's laws

supersede: To supersede is to replace

supersonic: A speed faster than the speed of sound is supersonic

superstitious: To be superstitious is to believe in omens and rituals

supervisor: A supervisor is a person in charge of others

'sus..'

suspect: A suspect is somebody under suspicion of wrongdoing

suspense: A built up state of waiting is called suspense

suspicious: To be suspicious is to have doubts about something

sustain: To sustain something is to keep it going

'trans..'

transatlantic: Something over the Atlantic Ocean is transatlantic

transfer: To transfer is to move something from one place to another

transform: To transform is to change shape

translate: To put words into another language is to translate

transmit: To transmit a programme is to send it out on radio or TV

transparent: Something which can be seen through is transparent

transport: My bike is both transport and exercise

'ultra..'

ultramarine: The colour ultramarine is deep blue

ultrasonic: Sounds too high to be heard by humans are ultrasonic

ultraviolet: Light waves too short be seen are ultraviolet

Further suffixes (L, Gr)

'..al'

animal: A dog is a domestic animal

annual: An annual event happens once a year

central: The hub is the central part of a wheel

equal: Each glass holds an equal amount

final: I have said my last word and that is final

hospital: A hospital is where people go to be made better

local: Our local school is just down the road

natural: She insisted her hair was its natural colour

personal: It was a personal matter and private to him

several: A family has several members

'..ar'

circular: A wheel is a circular shape

linear: A straight line is linear

lunar: Things relating to the moon are lunar

regular: Daily swimming was his regular routine

'..asm, ..ism'

atheism: The belief that there is no god is called atheism

criticism: Informed opinions make useful criticism

enthusiasm: Great interest is called enthusiasm

journalism: The profession of writing for the media is journalism

mechanism: A clockwork mouse has a complex mechanism

sarcasm: He said with sarcasm he'd love to wash up

'..ial'

aerial: An aerial helps to pick up radio signals

industrial: The industrial revolution was machine-made replacing man-made

material: Her new dress was made from a soft material

memorial: The names of the dead are on the memorial

radial: The spokes on a bicycle wheel are radial

terrestrial: Anything on the earth is terrestrial

'..ic'

alcoholic: An alcoholic drink contains alcohol

artistic: Someone with artistic talent painted this picture

athletic: His athletic build meant he could run fast

demonic: The foul fiend howled with demonic laughter

historic: The first flight to the moon was a historic event

magnetic: A magnetic substance can be attracted by a magnet

metallic: The robot made a metallic sound as he clanked along

'..id'

arid: No grass grew in that arid desert

fluid: The jelly was warm and still fluid

frigid: Without a coat I felt frigid with cold

humid: I feel damp and sticky on such a humid day

tepid: My tepid tea had stood too long

vivid: The fireworks left a vivid memory

'..ient'

convenient: It was more convenient to have the new sofa delivered

gradient: The gradient of the hill was very steep

ingredient: Flour is the main ingredient in pastry

nutrient: A little fat is an essential nutrient

obedient: A well-trained sheepdog is very obedient

'..ify'

beautify: To make something more beautiful is to beautify

classify: To classify is to sort things into groups

fortify: To fortify is to protect against attack

glorify: To glorify is to praise something highly

magnify: To magnify is to make something look bigger

modify: To modify something is to change it

mortify: To mortify is to embarrass deeply

'..ile'

agile: The agile gymnast did the splits

fertile: Crops grow better on fertile soil

fragile: The thin glass vase was very fragile

futile: Trying to empty the sea with a bucket is futile

hostile: A dog that bites is hostile

juvenile: A juvenile is a young person

mobile: You can walk and talk with a mobile phone

'..ine'

alpine: On the mountains alpine flowers grow

canine: Something canine is to do with dogs

crystalline: Common salt is a crystalline substance

divine: Many people believe in a divine being

elephantine: It is elephantine to be like an elephant

feline: To be feline is to act like a cat

saline: A saline solution is salty like the sea

'..ior'

exterior: An exterior paint protects outside walls

inferior: That flaking paint was an inferior brand

interior: An interior decorator repaints rooms

junior: The junior doctor was newly qualified

prior: We cannot ask him as he already has a prior appointment

senior: The senior doctor had many years' experience

superior: In the Army a major is superior to a captain

ulterior: An ulterior motive is a hidden reason for doing something

'..is'

analysis: An analysis gains information from collected data

basis: The basis of something is the foundation

bronchitis: Smoking will make bronchitis worse

diagnosis: The diagnosis of illness is to find its cause

emphasis: You underline a word for emphasis

oasis: An oasis is a green patch in the desert

paralysis: Inability to move is paralysis

synthesis: The synthesis of some materials is very hard

'..ology'

apology: An apology is saying you're sorry

mythology: The study of myths is mythology

technology: Applied science is called technology

theology: The study of religion is theology

'..ose'

comatose: The sleepy dog looked comatose

grandiose: The grandiose palace had many turrets

morose: To be morose is to be gloomy and out of sorts

'..scent'

adolescent: An adolescent is no longer a child and not yet an adult

convalescent: The convalescent was ready to leave hospital

effervescent: Sparkling lemonade is effervescent

fluorescent: She highlighted words with her fluorescent pen

incandescent: An incandescent object is hot enough to give off light

reminiscent: Her perfume was reminiscent of a cottage garden

Further suffixes (Latin)

'..age'

blockage: The leaves in the drain caused the blockage

coverage: The coverage of the news item was very thorough

leakage: The leakage from the gas pipe caused the explosion

passage: The passage to her house was very dark at night

postage: A stamp is there to pay the postage

wastage: There is wastage when some of the fruit is bad

'..ancy'

buoyancy: A buoyancy aid will keep you afloat

discrepancy: There is a discrepancy when two accounts don't match

infancy: A nursemaid looked after him in his infancy

pregnancy: During pregnancy the baby grows within the womb

redundancy: You get redundancy pay when you lose your job

truancy: Skipping school is known as truancy

vacancy: There was a vacancy so she applied for the job

'..ary'

dictionary: A dictionary gives the meaning of words

library: A library houses a collection of books

necessary: If necessary we will send a replacement

ordinary: Do you want ordinary baked beans or curried beans?

temporary: A box made a temporary table

voluntary: It was voluntary work they did for free

'..ate' adjective

accurate: It takes an accurate shot to hit the bull

affectionate: My affectionate puppy licks my hand

immaculate: His crisp white shirt looked immaculate

literate: To be literate means able to read and write.

numerate: To be numerate is to understand sums

obstinate: Donkeys are well known for being obstinate

passionate: She's passionate about football and watches every game

'..ate' verb

activate: Pull this lever to activate the robot

dedicate: She asked the DJ to dedicate a song to her mum

donate: He is going to donate half his money to charity

motivate: Praise will motivate people to work better

operate: The doctors had to operate to save her life

punctuate: A comma can punctuate a sentence

vaccinate: The nurse needed to vaccinate the children against disease

'..cy'

accuracy: It takes accuracy to hit the bull's-eye

bankruptcy: The gambler lost all his money and declared bankruptcy

conspiracy: There was a conspiracy against the new king

delicacy: A delicacy is a treat to eat

diplomacy: A diplomat must be skilled in diplomacy

fallacy: It is a fallacy to say that time can run backwards

piracy: Robbery on the high seas is piracy

'..ice'

avarice: A greedy desire for wealth is avarice

cowardice: Not facing up to a challenge is cowardice

justice: Justice had been done when the murderer went to jail

malice: She did not like him so spoke of him with malice

prejudice: A prejudice is an unreasonable dislike

'..ience'

audience: The audience clapped as the play ended

conscience: Guilty conscience kept the thief awake

convenience: I buy ready-cooked food for convenience

obedience: I took my puppy for obedience training

patience: You need plenty of patience to train a puppy

'..iety'

anxiety: Before doing the bungee jump she was filled with anxiety

notoriety: Captain Kidd gained notoriety by being an infamous pirate

piety: Monks and nuns live lives of piety

society: A society is a group of people

variety: Sweets of every variety lined the shelves

'..ity'

morality: Doing the right thing is a question of morality

neutrality: The state of not taking sides is neutrality

possibility: Rain is unlikely, but it is a possibility

probability: In all probability it will rain in April

reality: I nodded off and lost touch with reality

'..mony'

acrimony: They spoke sharp words in bitter acrimony

ceremony: The wedding was a happy ceremony

matrimony: Weddings unite couples in matrimony

testimony: I believe the testimony of an honest witness

'..sion' convert > conversion

conversion: To change pounds to kilos you need a conversion table

diversion: There was a diversion due to roadworks

inversion: A reversal in order can be called an inversion

subversion: To plot against authority is subversion

'..ssion' concede > concession

accession: Elizabeth II became Queen at her accession

concession: A bus pass is a concession for cheaper travel

procession: The procession of carnival floats was spectacular

recession: A recession is when the economy slows down

'..tude'

altitude: The plane climbed to its cruising altitude

attitude: A positive frame of mind is a good attitude

fortitude: She bore her pain with fortitude

gratitude: She showed gratitude for his help

latitude: Lines of latitude are called parallels

longitude: Lines of longitude are called meridians

multitude: A multitude gathered to greet the band

solitude: Alone on his island, Crusoe found solitude

'..ule' diminutive

capsule: A capsule of medicine can be hard to swallow

globule: A globule of sweat ran down her forehead

granule: A granule of sugar makes a feast for a fly

minuscule: This tiny book has minuscule print

module: Astronauts used a module to land on the Moon

molecule: The least water you can get is a single molecule

schedule: The plane left late but landed on schedule

'..ure' create > creature

creature: The dodo's a creature that's now extinct

enclosure: We keep rabbits in a grassy enclosure

pleasure: A baby's smile gives everyone pleasure

Living word-formation

'-like'

flower-like: Fireworks exploded flower-like in the sky

frog-like: He squatted frog-like by the pond

jewel-like: A jewel-like drop of water nestled in the leaf

pastry-like: The biscuits were pastry-like in texture

'-wise'

food-wise: A full fridge means you're OK food-wise

fun-wise: My job's poorly paid but fun-wise it's great

money-wise: My job's poor money-wise but I really enjoy it

transport-wise: Country life can be very hard, transport-wise

'anti-'

anti-noise: The drummer's dad was extremely anti-noise

anti-rust: Restore your rusty bike with our anti-rust paint

anti-work: I woke up this morning feeling very anti-work

anti-wrinkle: Keep your skin smooth with this anti-wrinkle cream

'ex-' (as former)

ex-boyfriend: Long after parting she met her ex-boyfriend again

ex-convict: The ex-convict intended to stay out of prison

ex-egg: Is a chicken an ex-egg?

ex-king: Boris, the ex-king, once ruled his country

ex-parrot: A dead parrot is an ex-parrot, says Monty Python

ex-serviceman: The ex-serviceman told tales of Army life

'pre-'

pre-book: We must pre-book our tickets for the concert

pre-punched: The holes are there in pre-punched paper

pre-Roman: This hill-fort goes back to pre-Roman times

'pro-'

pro-British: A Frenchman can be pro-British too

pro-cycling: I am pro-cycling yet seldom ride

pro-fitness: I am pro-fitness but I don't like training

pro-hunting: Some country folk are pro-hunting, some against

compound words

birthday: Your birthday marks the day you were born

dustbin: The dustbin is for household rubbish

handbag: She keeps her purse in her handbag

lipstick: Use lipstick to colour your lips

milkman: A milkman delivers milk

notebook: He jotted some notes in his notebook

sunset: The western sky glows red at sunset

windmill: Wind drives the sails of the windmill

Other common prefixes

'ab..'

abominable: The abominable snowman is a mythical creature

abound: Autumn orchards abound with fruit

abrupt: The busy teacher gave an abrupt answer

absent: She was absent because she was ill

absorbent: You mop up spills with an absorbent cloth

abstain: I find it hard to abstain from eating sweets

absurd: A dog in trainers looks absurd

'ad..'

address: We have moved to our new address

adjacent: A wall divides us from the adjacent room

admire: I admire your neat handwriting

admission: The museum charges for admission

adore: I would adore a choc-ice

adventure: Exploring the forest is quite an adventure

advice: Ask for advice if you are unsure what to do

advise: A lawyer is paid to advise you

'com..'

comfort: I love the comfort of my own armchair

command: The sheepdog obeys his master's command

comment: My comment was just a passing remark

company: Come and keep me company on my walk

compare: You cannot compare dogs and oranges

complete: One more piece makes the puzzle complete

composed: The Beatles composed their own music

'con..'

concern: Her mother felt concern for the tiny child

concert: The school choir gave a concert at the town hall

condemn: Don't condemn me until you hear me out

confront: I'll confront the reporters face to face

connect: You'll need to connect this hose to the tap

conquer: The general set out to conquer the rebels

contain: I counted to ten to contain my anger

continue: Roadworks can continue for ages

'de..' as very

deliver: The postman knocked to deliver a parcel

demand: The gas company sent a final demand for payment

deserve: After all this work I deserve a rest

devastate: A huge flood can devastate wide areas

'de..' down, from, away

defence: Castle walls made a strong defence

defer: Let's defer the meeting until John can be here

deflate: That pin could deflate my ball

descend: We watched the balloon descend to the ground

describe: Let me describe the view for you

destroy: You can destroy weeds by pulling them up

detergent: This detergent is said to wash off grease

'dis..'

disappointed: She was so disappointed to lose

discovery: A little hidden beach was our great discovery

disgusting: That greasy sink looks disgusting

dismay: With utter dismay they saw the boat sink

disposable: We throw our baby's disposable nappies away

'ex..' out of

excavate: The bulldozers rolled in to excavate the site

except: February has 28 days except in leap years

excluding: The price is two pounds excluding postage

excursion: Let's go on the excursion to the theme park

exit: You leave the building by the nearest exit

export: We export cars to many countries

extract: The dentist pulled hard to extract the tooth

'im..'

imbalance: An imbalance exists between rich and poor nations

immaculate: His crisp white shirt looked immaculate

immediate: A drowning man needs immediate help

immense: The extent of the sea is immense

immune: The immune system protects the body from infection

impede: Thick weed in the canal would impede our boat

'im..' as into

imbibe: Let us imbibe some fine ale, my good man

immerse: I just immerse myself in a bath to relax

immigrant: The immigrant settled well into his new country

implode: Pressure from outside made the flask implode

imply: Yawns imply that you are tired

import: We import bananas because they don't grow here

improve: I hope my spelling will improve with practice

'in..' as into

include: I'll include a card with my gift

infect: Bacteria can infect an open wound

infer: What can you infer from these results?

inflate: You'll need a pump to inflate an airbed

inhabited: A light in the window showed the house was inhabited</