StarSpell 2.3 – Literacy Hour lists, with sentences

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Year 1 term 1

'cvc' in rhyming sets

'.ad' as in dad

dad: A dad is a father

lad: Here is my dad as a lad

sad: I feel sad to see you go

'.ag' as in bag

bag: Her bag holds a lot

rag: She wipes her paintbrush with a rag

wag: A happy dog will wag his tail

'.am' as in jam

jam: I like jam on bread

ram: The ram had big curly horns

'.an' as in pan

fan: A fan keeps me cool

man: Every man was once a boy

pan: I'll boil an egg in the pan

'.ap' as in tap

gap: My teeth have a gap at the front

nap: Sleepy people need a nap

tap: Water runs from a tap

'.at' as in cat

cat: My cat laps up milk

hat: He wore a woolly hat

rat: A rat has a very long tail

'.ed' as in bed

bed: I sleep in a big bed

fed: Cats often purr when they're fed

red: This box is red all over

'.eg' as in leg

leg: I can stand on one leg

peg: My coat hangs on a peg

'.en' as in hen

hen: My hen lays brown eggs

pen: She writes with a red pen

ten: My toes add up to ten

'.et' as in pet

net: We need a net to dip in the pond

pet: I have a spider for a pet

'.ig' as in pig

dig: Let's go and dig for gold

pig: The pig gave a grunt

'.in' as in pin

bin: I put the bag in the bin

pin: A pin is very sharp

tin: Mum opened a tin of beans

'.ip' as in lip

lip: I bit my lip

pip: An apple tree grows from a tiny pip

rip: Her new dress has a rip in it

'.it' as in bit

bit: This bit fits here

hit: My hammer hit the nail first time

sit: I want to sit in this comfy chair

'.ob' as in rob

job: His job is washing up

sob: It made her sob to lose her bear

'.og' as in dog

dog: Our dog barks at cats

fog: Its hard to see far in the fog

log: A log is a seat for a frog

'.ot' as in cot

cot: The baby sleeps in her cot

dot: My pet flea is hiding behind this dot

pot: I'll plant a bulb in this pot

'.ud' as in bud

bud: Soon the bud will be a flower

mud: I must get the mud off my boot

'cvc' non-rhyming sets

'a' as in cat

bad: A bad egg smells horrid

bag: Her bag holds a lot

can: Birds can fly

cat: My cat laps up milk

had: I did my work then had a rest

hat: He wore a woolly hat

jam: I like jam on bread

man: Every man was once a boy

ran: She ran quickly to catch the bus

'ch' as in chin

chat: My mum likes to chat with her friends

chin: Every day he shaves his chin

'e' as in bed

bed: I sleep in a big bed

get: We will get wet in the rain

hen: My hen lays brown eggs

leg: I can stand on one leg

net: We need a net to dip in the pond

pen: She writes with a red pen

pet: I have a spider for a pet

red: This box is red all over

set: I have a new set of felt pens

yes: Nod your head for yes

'i' as in big

big: She saw the giant's big foot

bit: This bit fits here

hid: The squirrel hid its nuts

him: I prod my brother to annoy him

his: He held out his hand

lid: I put the lid back on the box

lip: I bit my lip

pig: The pig gave a grunt

six: An ant has six legs

win: Only one of you can win the prize

'o' as in dog

box: In this box there is a present

dog: Our dog barks at cats

fox: A fox hunts to eat

hot: Fire is hot

job: His job is washing up

lot: Her party was a lot of fun

not: I do not like being lost

pop: The balloon went pop!

top: The top of the jar got stuck

'sh' as in shop

ship: The ship sails out to sea

shop: Her shop sells toys

'th' as in thin

thin: A thin dog needs his food

thud: The spaceship landed with a thud

'th' as in this

that: Let's go this way, not that way

them: I got some eggs and boiled them

this: My pen is this pen here

'u' as in sun

bus: The big red bus goes to town

but: Birds can fly but cats can't

cup: Gran has a cup of tea with me

cut: She cut the bread

fun: Her party was a lot of fun

mug: I sip my mug of hot milk

mum: A mum is a mother

sum: This sum gets a tick

sun: Summer sun is hot

Year 1 term 2

ck, ff, ll, ss, ng endings

'..ck' as in back

back: My dog brings back his ball

duck: The duck gave a quack

kick: She ran up to kick the ball

lock: He keeps a lock on his bike

luck: We need luck to win today

pack: It's time to pack for our holiday!

pick: I pick apples from the tree

sack: A big sack will hold a lot

sick: I ate so much I was sick!

tick: A tick means yes

'..ff' as in puff

cuff: A button fell off my cuff

off: Humpty Dumpty fell off the wall

puff: A puff of wind blew Humpty off

'..ll' as in hill

bell: The bell rang for playtime

bill: We ate our food, then paid the bill

doll: This doll has long hair

fell: A boy fell off his bike

fill: Please take my cup and fill it up

hill: Up the hill we go!

pill: My magic pill cures everything

sell: They want to sell their car for cash

tell: Let me tell you a story

will: I will go even if it rains

'..ng' as in bang

bang: Bangers go bang

hang: The little monkey has to hang on

king: The king sat on his throne

long: Giraffes need long scarves

lungs: I fill my lungs with fresh air

ring: She has a ring on her finger

sing: Let 's sing a song together

song: The singer sang a sad song

wing: This bird has hurt its wing

'..ss' as in kiss

boss: Mum is the boss at home

fuss: He makes a fuss about his food

hiss: The balloon went down with a hiss

kiss: She gave him a big kiss

less: One is less than two

loss: The loss of her pet made her cry

mess: Her hair was such a mess

miss: I don't often miss the target

End consonant clusters

'..ct' as in act

act: Who will act Buttons in our panto?

fact: I am me and that's a fact

'..ft' as in lift

left: Turn left at the corner

lift: They rode to the top in the lift

loft: Dad put my old toys in the loft

soft: A kitten's fur is soft

tuft: He has only got one tuft of hair

'..ld' as in held

bold: The brave man took another bold step

cold: The snowman stood frozen out in the cold

fold: Your card will stand up if you fold it

gold: Wedding rings are made from gold

held: I held my pen in my hand

hold: The vet let me hold the dog in my arms

sold: Her little corner shop sold everything

'..lf' as in self

elf: Once it was said an elf made milk go sour

myself: When I look in a mirror I see myself

'..lk' as in sulk

bulk: My mum buys food in bulk

hulk: The divers swam up to a sunken hulk

milk: I put some milk in my tea

silk: A silk scarf is soft

sulk: She will sulk if she has no work

'..lp' as in help

gulp: With one big gulp the pill went down

help: Let me help you lift that box

yelp: A puppy will yelp if it's hurt

'..lt' as in belt

belt: A belt holds up my jeans

felt: She felt cold all winter

kilt: The Scotsman had a tartan kilt

melt: Snowmen melt in the sun

pelt: Children pelt each other with snowballs

'..lth' as in filth

filth: I fell in the pit and got covered in filth

grill: You grill food on barbecues

'..mp' as in bump

bump: I got a bump on the head when I fell

camp: Our camp had four big tents

damp: Her wet shoes made the carpet damp

imp: This little imp is up to no good

jump: A frog can jump over a log

lamp: The lamp gave a soft glow

limp: His bad leg made him limp

lump: I had a lump on my head from a fall

mumps: A painful neck may be mumps

pump: You fill up the car at the pump

'..nch' as in pinch

bench: I often sit on this bench in the sun

bunch: Grapes are picked by the bunch

finch: A finch just loves to eat seeds

hunch: I had a hunch our numbers would win

lunch: I eat my lunch at one o'clock

munch: My pony had an apple to munch

pinch: He put a pinch of salt on his egg

punch: He gave the ball a mighty punch

'..nd' as in bend

and: I like cats and dogs

bend: Drive carefully round a bend

end: At the end of the day I'm sleepy

hand: My hand is to hold things

land: After weeks at sea he saw land

lend: Please lend me some money

pond: Why has this pond got no ducks?

sand: There's so much sand at the seaside

send: I'd like to send her a birthday card

'..nk' as in bunk

bank: Money is kept in a bank

bunk: Tom slept in the top bunk

honk: Car horns go honk

pink: Roses are often pink

sink: His sink was full of washing-up

sunk: The ship had sunk to the seabed

tank: Fish swam in the tank

wink: A wink is a one-eyed blink

'..nt' as in ant

ant: An ant has six legs

bent: The shelf was bent

dent: The crash made a dent in my car

hunt: I had to hunt all over to find my socks

pant: A dog will pant when it is hot

sent: I sent her present in the post

tent: I'm going to sleep out in my tent

went: Jack and Jill went up the hill

'..pt' as in kept

kept: I kept a goldfish in a pond

wept: Tears came to her eyes and she wept

'..sk' as in desk

desk: I work best at my desk

dusk: Just before dark it is dusk

husk: The husk protects the nut

risk: You risk a fall sitting on that wall

rusk: Our baby likes to chew a rusk

tusk: An elephant tusk is long and white

'..sp' as in wisp

gasp: The surprise made her gasp

lisp: The baby spoke with a lisp

wisp: A wisp of hair fell in her eyes

'..st' as in best

best: I can tell my best friend anything

cost: A big meal out can cost a lot

just: She grabbed the glass just as it fell

list: I made a list of my friends

must: We must eat to stay alive

nest: Four eggs rest in a nest

rest: He had to rest after running so far

test: My sister had her driving test

west: A west wind is a wet wind

'..tch' as in catch

catch: He ran to catch the ball

hutch: They made a hutch for their baby rabbit

kitchen: Dad was in the kitchen cooking dinner

match: She lit the candle with a match

pitch: The team ran onto the pitch

scratch: The pin made a scratch on her hand

stretch: As I wake up I stretch my arms

switch: We switch on the light at night

witch: In flew the witch on her big black broom

'..xt' as in next

next: If it's Sunday, Monday's next

text: A line of text came under the picture

Initial consonant clusters

'bl..' as in blot

black: The night was black and all was dark

blank: The screen went blank

blend: You blend the eggs with flour and milk

blink: Eyes blink all the time

blob: A blob of jam fell on the cloth

block: A block of wood held back the door

blot: Drip some paint and make a blot

blunt: A blunt knife never cuts well

'br..' as in brick

brag: Winners sometimes show off and brag

bran: When flour is made, bran is left

brand: Which brand of beans is best?

brick: Here's a brick to start a wall

brim: My glass is full up to the brim

bring: Postmen bring the post

brisk: A brisk walk will keep you fit

'cl..' as in clap

clamp: He held the wood in a clamp

clang: The bell went clang

click: The switch goes on with a click.

cliff: Do not go to the edge of the cliff.

cling: A baby will cling to its mother.

clock: The clock strikes three

clog: A wooden shoe is called a clog.

club: The giant had a big club

clump: A clump of reeds grows by the pond.

'cr..' as in crisp

crab: A crab hid in a rocky pool

crack: The egg began to crack open

cramp: The swimmer left the pool with cramp

cress: You can grow cress on wet paper

cricket: You need a bat and ball for cricket

crisp: You can have the last crisp in the packet

crop: Sun makes a crop of corn grow tall

cross: Just one sum had a cross and was wrong

crust: Who wants the crust off this new loaf?

'dr..' as in drum

drag: He had to drag the boat out of the water

dragon: The dragon gave a fiery hiccup

dress: She wore her new dress to the party

drift: Let the boat drift down the river

drill: His drill made a hole in the wall

drink: A fizzy drink tickles your nose

drip: Don't let water drip on the carpet

drop: A drop of rain fell on my hat

drum: We dance as he bangs his drum

'dw..' as in dwell

dwell: Snow-White used to dwell in a house in the woods

'fl..' as in flat

flag: The flag flaps in the wind.

flan: Fill a flan with fruit and jelly

flap: This flap is for the cat

flat: She fell flat on her back

fling: Just fling your coat on the floor

flop: Her first song was a flop.

fluff: There is fluff in the dusty corner

'fr..' as in frog

fret: I did fret when my cat was lost

frill: Her dress was edged with a frill

frock: Gran says frock instead of dress

frog: A frog sits by a pond

from: Milk comes from cows

frond: A frond of weed hid the crab

frost: There is frost on the window

'gl..' as in glad

glad: I'm glad you can come to my party

glen: A glen is a Scottish valley

glint: They saw the glint of gold in the rocks

gloss: Polish gives a gloss to wood

glum: The bad news made her glum

'gr..' as in grin

grand: The king was very grand

grill: You grill food on barbecues

grin: She gave a happy grin

grip: You need a good grip on your bat

grit: A frosty path needs grit

grub: A grub in your apple is bad news

gruff: The man had a gruff voice

grunt: The pig gave a grunt

'pl..' as in plug

plan: This is the plan of the house

planet: Was there once life on the planet Mars?

plank: A plank of wood can make a shelf

plastic: A plastic flower has no smell

plug: A plug keeps water in a sink

plum: I hope this plum is sweet

plump: The rabbit was plump and round

plus: Two plus two makes four

'pr..' as in pram

pram: We took our baby out in the pram

prank: A prank is a silly trick

present: I want to open my present now

press: A bell will ring if you press this button

print: My work is neat when I print it

prison: All prison gates have locks

prod: Mum woke me with a prod in the ribs

prong: One prong of my fork is bent

prop: A prop holds up this washing-line

'sc..' as in scan

scab: His fall has left a scab on his knee

scalp: Not one hair grew on his scalp

scan: An X-ray scan can see inside us

scoff: Jim would scoff his chips in no time.

scum: Green scum lies on top of the pond

'scr..' as in scrub

scrap: Old tin cans end up as scrap

scrimp: The poor man had to scrimp on food

script: She wrote the script for the puppet play

scrub: Muddy floors need a good scrub

scruff: I look like a scruff when I get up

scrum: The players got into a scrum

'shr' as in shred

shred: She tore a shred of paper from her notebook

shrill: The whistle blew a shrill note

shrimp: The shrimp was alone in a seaside pool

shrink: Some jumpers shrink in the wash

shrub: I will plant the shrub by the other bushes

shrug: A shrug of his shoulders said he didn't care

'sk..' as in skin

skid: Mud makes cars skid

skill: You need skill to dribble a ball

skim: Let's skim stones across the pond

skin: You need skin to keep your body in

skip: She likes to skip with her new rope

skull: Your skull protects your brain

'sl..' as in slug

slack: Loosen your belt to make it slack

slam: The wind made the door slam

slap: A slap on the hand hurts

slept: Baby slept in a cot

sling: His arm was in a sling

slip: A banana skin made him slip

slit: She cut a slit in the cloth

slot: Put your coin in the slot

slug: A slimy slug slid slowly past

'sm..' as in smug

smack: A smack on the hand hurts

smell: Come and smell this flower

smock: I put on a smock when I paint

smug: She looked so smug when she won

smut: He cleaned a smut of dirt off the window

'sn..' as in snap

snack: I have a snack if I'm hungry

snag: His clever plan went without a snag

snap: My pencil broke with a snap

sniff: Take a sniff and smell this flower

snip: I will just snip the paper in two

snob: A snob thinks he is better than us

snub: It feels like a snub to be left out

snug: The cat is snug beside the fire

'sp..' as in spit

span: We made a bridge to span the stream

speck: A speck of dust went in my eye

spell: A spell turns the pumpkin into a coach

spend: I spend too much on sweets

spill: Be careful not to spill the ink

spin: When I spin round I get dizzy

spit: An angry cat will spit

spots: She had spots when she was ill

'spl..' sa in split

splat: The paint fell with a splat

splendid: You have done some splendid work

splint: They put a splint on his broken leg

split: The plank was split in two

'spr..' as in spring

sprang: I opened the box and out sprang Jack

sprat: A little sprat swam out at sea

sprig: He drew a sprig of holly on his card

spring: A Jack-in-a-box needs a spring

sprint: He won the hundred-metre sprint

'squ..' as in squib

squelch: Feet go squelch in the mud

squib: A squib is a noisy firework

squint: Sudden bright light makes you squint

'st..' as in step

stamp: Every letter needs a stamp

stand: We saw the match from the stand

step: She fell from the top step of the stairs

stick: This stick is for the campfire

stiff: A stiff knee is hard to bend

still: Keep still while I cut your hair!

sting: A wasp will sting if it is angry

stop: Cars must stop at red lights

stuck: Jam was stuck all over his face

stunt: His best stunt was jumping over two cars

'str..' as in string

strand: A strand of hair was all he had

strap: My case was held shut with a strap

string: My kitten loves a ball of string

strong: This man is so strong he can lift a tonne

struck: The clock struck twelve

'sw..' as in swim

swam: Today I swam in the sea

swank: He likes to swank about his cars

swell: Hot air made the balloon swell out

swift: You must be swift to win a race

swig: He took a swig from the bottle

swill: Water will swill the mess away

swim: I can swim across the pool

swing: Push me high on my swing

'thr' as in thrill

thread: The thread slips through the needle's eye

threat: I see a threat of rain in those dark clouds

three: A triangle has three sides

thrill: Winning gave her such a thrill

throat: He shouted till his throat grew sore

throb: Loud music makes my head throb

throng: A throng packed the ground for the match

thrush: A thrush sang outside my window

'tr..' as in trip

track: A train runs on a track

traffic: Too much traffic blocks the roads

tramp: A tramp has no home

trick: It was a silly trick to hide his pen

trim: His hair needs a trim

trip: Our trip to the zoo was fun

trot: The horse set off at a trot

truck: The truck carried a load of bricks

trunk: A trunk is a very long nose

'tw..' as in twig

twang: Strings on a guitar go twang

twig: Leaves grow from each twig of a tree

twin: A twin is one of two

twist: You'll have to twist the cap off the jar

Plurals with 's'

more plurals

chips: Fish and chips taste very good

ducks: Let's go feed the ducks

hands: Clap your hands

wings: If I had wings I could fly

short vowels, plurals

beds: Our family needs four beds

cubs: The fox cubs play by their mother

dots: Try to make a pattern of dots

jugs: The four jugs were full of milk

legs: Long legs are good for running

nets: By the boat were four nets

pans: Now I must wash the pans

pins: Her dress was held up with pins

rats: There were rats in the old house

Year 1 term 3

Long phoneme 'ai'

'a-e' as in name

cake: I love cake with jam in it

flame: A flame shot up from the fire

game: Can we play a game?

late: The bus was late today

made: At last the pills made him better

same: These two dogs are the same size

scales: Let's weigh these apples on the scales

scrape: I'll scrape the mud off my shoes

'ai' as in train

aim: You need a good aim to play darts

brain: I use my brain to think things out

nail: One more nail should fix this shelf

paint: She took her brush and began to paint

rain: They all got wet in the rain

snail: The snail left a silver trail

train: Our train leaves the station at ten.

wait: We did not wait long for the bus

'ay' as in play

away: I forgot to put my things away

crayon: He drew a tree with his crayon

day: I play all day on holiday

play: Come and play ball with us

say: A chatterbox has lots to say

spray: This spray kills fleas

stay: He had to stay in when he was ill

tray: She took the cups away on a tray

way: Can you tell me the way to town?

Mixed 'ai' phonemes

cake: I love cake with jam in it

flame: A flame shot up from the fire

paint: She took her brush and began to paint

play: Come and play ball with us

scrape: I'll scrape the mud off my shoes

snail: The snail left a silver trail

spray: This spray kills fleas

train: Our train leaves the station at ten.

tray: She took the cups away on a tray

'ea' as in seat

beach: Blue seas lap this sandy beach

beak: A bird pecks with its beak

heat: Fire gives off heat

meal: Beans on toast is a simple meal

seat: I gave up my seat to the old man

steam: Water gives off steam as it boils

stream: A river starts as a stream

team: She plays football in our team

'ee' as in feet

feel: I feel cold in the snow

feet: She had no shoes on her feet

green: Grass is green

need: We all need food

screen: I like a TV with a big screen

sleep: After his walk my dog goes to sleep

speed: He ran for help at top speed

street: The bus to town stops down the street

sweet: I wish I had a sweet to suck

tree: A tree needs deep roots

Long phoneme 'ee'

Mixed 'ee' phonemes

feel: I feel cold in the snow

meal: Beans on toast is a simple meal

speed: He ran for help at top speed

steam: Water gives off steam as it boils

stream: A river starts as a stream

street: The bus to town stops down the street

sweet: I wish I had a sweet to suck

team: She plays football in our team

Long phoneme 'ie' (as in lie)

'i' as in kind

blind: Guide dogs help the blind get around

find: I must find my lost purse

grind: Mills grind corn to flour

kind: You were kind to help me out

mind: In my own mind I think I'm right

rind: Orange rind goes into marmalade

'i' as in wild

child: The child skipped along with a toy

mild: It was mild and sunny that spring

wild: Flowers grew wild in the meadow

'i-e' as in bite

bike: She rides her bike downhill

crime: His last crime was to take a tiger

kite: Fly your kite on a windy day

line: This work has a line through it

mile: From here to home is just a mile.

prize: The winner gets a brilliant prize

size: The twins are the same size

slide: The boy slid down the yellow slide

wide: The river was too wide to jump

'ie' as in lie

die: Plants die with no water

lie: I'll lie on my bed and take a nap

pie: Would you like a piece of pie?

tie: His tie has blue stripes

'igh' as in high

high: From high on the hill they saw for miles

night: All that night the moon shone bright

right: Ticks mean all your sums are right

sigh: With a sad sigh she said goodbye

thigh: Your thigh is your leg from hip to knee

tight: These tight shoes pinch my toes

'y' as in fly

by: Please may I sit by the door?

cry: Sad news made her cry

dry: Boots keep my feet dry

fly: The fly fell in the jam

fry: She began to fry the eggs

sky: Birds fly up in the sky

try: I can be good if I try hard

Mixed 'ie' phonemes

blind: Guide dogs help the blind get around

crime: His last crime was to take a tiger

kind: You were kind to help me out

pie: Would you like a piece of pie?

slide: The boy slid down the yellow slide

thigh: Your thigh is your leg from hip to knee

tight: These tight shoes pinch my toes

try: I can be good if I try hard

wild: Flowers grew wild in the meadow

'o' as in bold

bold: The brave man took another bold step

cold: The snowman stood frozen out in the cold

fold: Your card will stand up if you fold it

gold: Wedding rings are made from gold

hold: The vet let me hold the dog in my arms

old: This tree is a hundred years old

sold: Her little corner shop sold everything

told: Gulliver told the tale of his travels

Year 2 term 1

Long phoneme 'oa'

'o-e' as in pole

hole: The pirate dug a hole to hide his gold

home: We live at home

hope: I hope to be rich one day and happy

note: Each note she sang was soft

pole: He used a long pole to push out the boat

rose: She picked a rose and pricked her finger

stone: You could trip over that stone

stroke: It is quite safe to stroke my dog

woke: Dad woke Mum with a cup of tea

'oa' as in boat

boat: Our boat sailed on the stormy sea

coach: We went to London by coach instead of by train

coal: A hot coal fell from the open fire

coast: Sandy shores run along this coast

coat: Her coat was warm and made of wool

float: He put a float on his fishing-line

foam: Too much soap makes too much foam

loaf: I like a crusty loaf of bread

road: The long road led to the hills

soap: A bar of soap is for washing

'ow' as in show

flow: They watched the river flow smoothly by

grow: Eating your greens will help you grow

show: Let me show you my scar

slow: Slugs and snails are very slow

throw: How far can you throw a ball?

window: She gazed through the green glass window

yellow: Buttercups are yellow

Mixed 'oa' phonemes

coach: We went to London by coach instead of by train

coal: A hot coal fell from the open fire

coast: Sandy shores run along this coast

float: He put a float on his fishing-line

grow: Eating your greens will help you grow

hope: I hope to be rich one day and happy

stone: You could trip over that stone

stroke: It is quite safe to stroke my dog

throw: How far can you throw a ball?

told: Gulliver told the tale of his travels

Long phoneme 'oo'

'ew' as in flew

chew: My dog likes to chew bones

crew: Four fine men were the crew of the ship

drew: He drew a picture of a flower

flew: A bee flew past his nose

grew: He grew prize-winning pumpkins

screw: You turn a screw to tighten it

threw: She threw the ball for me to catch

'oo' as in moon

boot: He left his boot stuck in the mud

cool: A fan will help you to keep cool

food: The boy soon ate up all his food

moon: A silver moon lit up the sky

pool: Come and swim in my pool

proof: The photo was proof he was there

smooth: Her velvet dress was smooth and soft

soon: Bedtime comes too soon

spoon: You need a spoon to eat soup from a bowl

tooth: I bit too hard and hurt my tooth

'u-e' as in rude

brute: The brute had fangs and claws

crude: A saucepan makes a crude drum

flute: You blow across a flute to play it

June: Summer begins in June

plume: Her hat had a plume of feathers

rude: It is rude to stare

rule: Just rule a line across the page

'ue' as in blue

blue: When the sky is blue the sun shines too

clue: There was no clue to the theft

glue: My brush got stuck in the glue

true: A lie can never be true

Mixed 'oo' phonemes

blue: When the sky is blue the sun shines too

brute: The brute had fangs and claws

crude: A saucepan makes a crude drum

grew: He grew prize-winning pumpkins

smooth: Her velvet dress was smooth and soft

threw: She threw the ball for me to catch

tooth: I bit too hard and hurt my tooth

true: A lie can never be true

Verbs with 'ed'

'..ed' aim > aimed

aimed: Placing the ball, he aimed at the net

fooled: That trick really fooled us!

moaned: They moaned and groaned at the extra work

played: We played football and cricket

rained: It rained all day and we were soaked

sailed: His ship sailed on the tide

teamed: The tennis players teamed up into pairs

'..ed' jump > jumped

asked: My mother asked thousands of questions

crashed: The runaway train crashed into the buffers

dressed: He dressed and came downstairs

jumped: He jumped into the lake

limped: He limped along when he hurt his toe

milked: Each day she milked the cows

puffed: He huffed and he puffed and he blew the house down

reached: At long last they reached their journey's end

'..ed' rest > rested

lifted: He lifted me over the fence

melted: The snow has melted in the sun

mended: She mended the puncture and rode away

painted: I painted the picture you see on the wall

rested: We rested for a while after work

waited: I waited for ages for him to turn up

Verbs with 'ing'

'..ing' wait > waiting

carrying: I put on the coat I was carrying

dreaming: I'm dreaming of winning the lottery

going: We are going to the fair

standing: Your elephant is standing on my toe

waiting: I'll be waiting all day for the phone to ring

'ar' phoneme

'ar' as in car

dark: The sky was dark that night

farm: Ben grew corn on his farm

garden: My garden has both weeds and flowers

hard: A snail finds it hard to jump

march: The men had to march in time

market: Things are cheap in the market

park: He jogs in the park each day

spark: One stray spark started the forest fire

star: The sheriff has a star as his badge

start: She turned the key to start the car

'ow' (as in cow) phoneme

'ou' as in cloud

cloud: A small cloud hid the sun

count: I count to ten before I speak

ground: The ground felt firm beneath my feet

loud: Some of us like loud music

mouth: His mouth was open to speak

out: I fell out of bed and woke up

round: All wheels are round

sound: No sound came from the silent house

south: Go south for sunshine

'ow' as in cow

brown: Grill any food and it turns brown

clown: The clown acted the fool

cow: Daisy was a cow who mooed all day

crowd: The crowd packed the stands for the match

growl: The dog gave a growl to warn us off

now: Right now is the time to do it

prowl: My cat goes out to prowl the streets

rowdy: Those rowdy children make too much noise

vow: He made a vow to kill the dragon

Mixed 'ow' phonemes

cloud: A small cloud hid the sun

crowd: The crowd packed the stands for the match

ground: The ground felt firm beneath my feet

growl: The dog gave a growl to warn us off

mouth: His mouth was open to speak

now: Right now is the time to do it

prowl: My cat goes out to prowl the streets

sound: No sound came from the silent house

'oy' phoneme

'oi' as in boil

boil: The kettle came to the boil

coin: Let's toss a coin for who goes first

joint: Your elbow makes a joint in your arm

moist: Her hair was moist from the rain

noisy: Their stereo is too noisy

oil: An engine runs well with oil

point: It's rude to point a finger

poison: Never drink poison

soil: Seeds need good soil

toilet: Wooden toilet seats are warmer

'oy' as in toy

annoy: It does annoy me when I miss the bus

boy: Every man was once a boy

convoy: The line of ships was sailing in convoy

destroy: You can destroy weeds by pulling them up

employ: A busy firm must employ more workers

enjoy: We all enjoy a tasty meal

loyal: His loyal dog was a friend for life

royal: The royal coach is for the queen

toy: The child sat playing with a toy

Mixed 'oy' phonemes

annoy: It does annoy me when I miss the bus

boil: The kettle came to the boil

employ: A busy firm must employ more workers

joint: Your elbow makes a joint in your arm

loyal: His loyal dog was a friend for life

poison: Never drink poison

royal: The royal coach is for the queen

soil: Seeds need good soil

toilet: Wooden toilet seats are warmer

Endings, 's', 'ed', 'ing'

'..ed' aim > aimed

aimed: Placing the ball, he aimed at the net

fooled: That trick really fooled us!

moaned: They moaned and groaned at the extra work

played: We played football and cricket

rained: It rained all day and we were soaked

sailed: His ship sailed on the tide

teamed: The tennis players teamed up into pairs

'..ed' jump > jumped

asked: My mother asked thousands of questions

crashed: The runaway train crashed into the buffers

dressed: He dressed and came downstairs

jumped: He jumped into the lake

limped: He limped along when he hurt his toe

milked: Each day she milked the cows

puffed: He huffed and he puffed and he blew the house down

reached: At long last they reached their journey's end

'..ed' rest > rested

lifted: He lifted me over the fence

melted: The snow has melted in the sun

mended: She mended the puncture and rode away

painted: I painted the picture you see on the wall

rested: We rested for a while after work

waited: I waited for ages for him to turn up

'..ing' wait > waiting

carrying: I put on the coat I was carrying

dreaming: I'm dreaming of winning the lottery

going: We are going to the fair

standing: Your elephant is standing on my toe

waiting: I'll be waiting all day for the phone to ring

dot > dots

apples: She cuts up apples for an apple pie

dots: Try to make a pattern of dots

frills: Her skirt is trimmed with frills

hills: This is a land of hills and valleys

spots: She had spots when she was ill

Short phoneme 'oo'

'oo' as in good

book: She sat reading her book

cook: A clever cook bakes better buns

foot: Each foot has five toes

good: A good dog sits when it's told

hood: A snug red hood will keep her warm

hook: I am going to fix a hook for our coats

look: They all ran out to look at the snow

took: She took a look at her book

wooden: Cooks often use a wooden spoon

'u' as in pull

bull: The colour-blind bull hates a red rag or any other

bush: I hid behind the leafy bush

full: If your glass is too full it spills over

pull: You pull the ring to open the can

push: We had to push the car to make it start

put: She put the key into the lock

Mixed 'oo' phonemes

bull: The colour-blind bull hates a red rag or any other

bush: I hid behind the leafy bush

cook: A clever cook bakes better buns

full: If your glass is too full it spills over

hood: A snug red hood will keep her warm

hook: I am going to fix a hook for our coats

push: We had to push the car to make it start

wooden: Cooks often use a wooden spoon

Year 2 term 2

'air' phoneme

'..ere' as in there

anywhere: I've looked but I can't find my coat anywhere

nowhere: A broken-down train is going nowhere

there: We're standing here but the bus stops over there

where: Just here is where I sit

'air' as in fair

chair: Pull up a chair and sit down

dairy: Butter and cheese are made in a dairy

fair: I love the fair with all its rides

fairy: There's a fairy on top of the Christmas tree

hair: His hair was cut very short

pair: He always wore a pair of trainers

stairs: Steep wooden stairs led up to the top

unfair: It's unfair to give her a bigger cake

'are' as in scare

beware: The princess knew to beware of dragons

care: She took care of her teddy bear

dare: I dare you to do a bungee jump

rare: He searches the jungle for rare plants

scare: My sudden yell gave her quite a scare

share: I will let you share my chocolate

spare: Come and play if you have the spare time

square: You never see a square tomato

'ear' as in bear

bear: Deep in the woods a grizzly bear growled

pear: I could not bear to leave that pear unpicked

swear: In court we swear to tell the truth

tear: She had to mend a tear in the cloth

wear: People wear shorts in the summer

Mixed 'air' phonemes

bear: Deep in the woods a grizzly bear growled

chair: Pull up a chair and sit down

fairy: There's a fairy on top of the Christmas tree

scare: My sudden yell gave her quite a scare

share: I will let you share my chocolate

stairs: Steep wooden stairs led up to the top

there: We're standing here but the bus stops over there

wear: People wear shorts in the summer

where: Just here is where I sit

'ear' as in pearl

early: He got out of bed early that day

earn: She went to work to earn some money

earth: From space the earth looks beautiful

heard: I heard a great new song today

learn: I try to learn ten spellings a week

learning: I am learning how to swim

pearl: He dived for a pearl to give to his girl

search: A detective needs to search for clues

'er' as in her

fern: A fern is an evergreen plant

her: She has a ring on her finger

herb: Mint is a herb with a fresh tingly taste

kerb: You wait at the kerb to cross the road

perfect: I may be good but I'm not perfect

person: A person may be a man or a woman

stern: When Mum looks stern we all behave

term: At the end of term our holiday starts

'ir' as in bird

bird: A small bird sang from the treetop

birth: Our cat gave birth to six kittens

dirty: You play in dirt - you get dirty

first: The first to get home is the winner

girl: His sister was a happy girl

shirt: The team's new shirt is blue and white

skirt: Her long blue skirt reached the floor

third: She ate two cakes and then a third

'ur' as in fur

burn: Dry logs burn well

burst: Balloons go bang when they burst

church: Christians go to church to pray

curly: A pig has a curly tail

fur: My cat's fur is soft and fluffy

hurt: When she fell she hurt her hand

turn: I always take my turn to wash up

turnip: A turnip is a root that's good to eat

Mixed 'er' phonemes

burn: Dry logs burn well

burst: Balloons go bang when they burst

earth: From space the earth looks beautiful

girl: His sister was a happy girl

herb: Mint is a herb with a fresh tingly taste

perfect: I may be good but I'm not perfect

search: A detective needs to search for clues

shirt: The team's new shirt is blue and white

'a' as in talk

chalk: White chalk writes well on black

stalk: The stalk supports the flower

talk: I like to talk to my friend

walk: He went for a long walk

'a' as in tall

all: The dog ate up all my dinner

ball: She kicked the ball into the net

call: Did you hear me call your name?

fall: Humpty-Dumpty had a great fall

hall: Go through the front door and into the hall

small: A small button fits a tiny hole

snowball: We made a big snowball to roll downhill

stall: Let's get an ice cream from that stall

tall: One tree stood tall above the rest

wall: We played with a ball against the wall

'au' as in haunt

gaunt: He grew gaunt and thin with illness

haunt: Ghosts are said to haunt that house

launch: He pressed the button to launch the rocket

laundry: Hang your laundry out to dry

taunt: The bully called me names to taunt me

taut: The rope goes taut when both teams pull

'aw' as in claw

claws: The eagle snatched a snake in its claws

crawl: Babies crawl before they walk

draw: The final result was a draw

jaw: You move your jaw when you chew

law: He broke the law when he shot the sheriff

lawn: My lawn grows green and grassy

paw: Our cat dips its paw in its milk

raw: Food is raw until you cook it

straw: She likes to sip her drink through a straw

thaw: The thaw came at last and melted the snow

'oar' as in roar

boar: Wild boar live in the Black Forest

board: The teacher wrote on the board

hoard: The pirates hid their hoard of gold

oar: They each took an oar to row the boat

roar: The angry lion gave a roar

soar: I saw my kite soar high in the sky

'oor' as in floor

door: Knock on the door and go in

floor: Their wooden floor had no carpet

moor: No trees grew on the windy moor

poor: They were too poor to buy food

'or' as in sport

corn: Butter is good with corn on the cob

fork: He stuck his fork into a pea

morning: The sun comes up in the morning

north: Go north for cold and ice

short: The ladder was too short to reach the top

sort: A bun is a sort of cake

sport: Keep fit with sport

'ore' as in more

before: Unwrap a sweet before you eat

more: She ate lots but wanted more

score: Put the ball in the net to score

shore: Blue sea laps the sandy shore

snore: People who snore keep others awake

sore: Her throat was so sore she could hardly speak

store: Children adore buying sweets from a store

swore: The witness swore to tell the truth

wore: He wore a turban on his head

'our' as in four

court: We played tennis on a grass court

four: Chairs need four firm legs

fourteen: Ten plus four makes fourteen

pour: Use a funnel to help you pour

your: Clap your hands if you like the show

Mixed 'or' phonemes

board: The teacher wrote on the board

chalk: White chalk writes well on black

door: Knock on the door and go in

draw: The final result was a draw

fourteen: Ten plus four makes fourteen

launch: He pressed the button to launch the rocket

small: A small button fits a tiny hole

snore: People who snore keep others awake

sport: Keep fit with sport

'un' and 'dis' prefixes

'dis..' as negative

disagree: You can disagree and yet not quarrel

disappear: Soap powder makes dirt disappear

disconnect: Pull out the plug to disconnect the television

disease: Doctors aim to cure disease

dislike: I will not eat things I dislike

distrust: I don't jump from planes as I distrust parachutes

'un..' as negative

uncertain: She felt uncertain which frog to kiss

unfair: It's unfair to give her a bigger cake

unfriendly: The unfriendly folk next door don't speak

unknown: His hideaway was unknown to the police

unsafe: That rickety chair is unsafe

untidy: Rubbish makes the place untidy

untrue: Her made-up tale was quite untrue

unwell: He felt so unwell he went to bed

'wh', 'ph', 'ch' digraphs

'ch' as in chemist

ache: Watching tennis makes my neck ache

anchor: The ship rode safely to her anchor

chemist: A chemist sells tablets for headaches

Christmas: People give each other gifts at Christmas

echo: Shout and the cave will echo your voice

scheme: He worked out a scheme to make more money

school: Children learn and play at school

stomach: My stomach rumbles when I'm hungry

'ph' as in photo

alphabet: I know every letter of the alphabet

dolphin: A dolphin hunts fish but is gentle with people

elephant: An elephant came stomping by

graph: A graph makes a picture from numbers

nephew: My sister's son is my nephew

orphan: His parents died and so he was an orphan

phantom: The phantom floated through the wall

photo: She kept his photo in a silver frame

'wh' as in wheel

whack: With a whack she hit her head on the shelf

wheat: Farmers grow wheat so we can have bread

wheel: The front wheel of her bike hit the kerb

whip: You have to whip cream to make it thick

whirl: The rides at the fair whirl round and round

whiskers: A cat laps up milk then licks its whiskers

whisper: Softly and in a whisper she told her secret

Syllables and spelling

split like 'bot-tle'

apple: An apple a day keeps the doctor away

bottle: Do you prefer your cola in a bottle or a can?

bubble: I chewed my gum and blew a bubble

cuddle: A cuddle a day keeps sadness at bay

dribble: Babies happily dribble food down their chins

gobble: Dogs always gobble their food

middle: He fell in a puddle right up to his middle

split like ba-sin

hotel: On holiday they stayed in a sea-front hotel

label: The label on the jar said 'plum jam'

minus: Five minus three is two

moment: It only takes a moment to burn a piece of toast

pilot: The pilot controls the plane

pupil: The painter taught his pupil all he knew

secret: The secret door was very well hidden

silent: The room fell silent once the crowd had gone

stupid: A well-trained dog seldom does anything stupid

split like bas-ket

basket: They filled a basket with fruit

napkin: I use my napkin to wipe my mouth

panda: The black and white panda munches bamboo shoots

picnic: We spread a cloth on the grass for a picnic

plastic: A plastic flower has no smell

pumpkin: Cinderella's pumpkin became a golden coach

trumpet: A trumpet plays loud music

zebra: A zebra crossing has black and white stripes

split like cot-ton

cotton: A cotton shirt keeps you cool

hidden: The secret door was very well hidden

kitten: My kitten is fluffy and playful

lesson: Our next lesson is History

paddock: Her pony grazes in the paddock

puffin: You can always tell a puffin by its bill

rabbit: Our pet rabbit ate Mum's prize carrots

sudden: A sudden clap of thunder broke the silence

split like fin-ish

body: Daily keep-fit strengthens the body

finish: When I finish this job I can start the next

habit: He has this habit of clicking his fingers

lemon: What a sour taste a lemon has!

metal: A metal often shines like silver

robin: A red-breasted robin perched on a twig

shadow: Bright sun cast a dark shadow behind him

visit: My friends came to visit me in hospital

split like po-em

diet: His diet consists of bread and water

duet: The two boys together sang a duet

lion: A mouse saved the lion by biting him free

poem: Her ten-line poem has clever rhymes

triumph: Caesar returned from battle in triumph

Year 2 term 3

'ear' and 'ea phonemes

'ea' as in bread

bread: Fresh bread makes the best toast

breath: He ran until he was out of breath

dead: With a click the phone went dead

deaf: The deaf man did not hear the bell

head: Please turn your head and look at me

health: An apple a day is good for your health

instead: She wants a pony instead of a bike

sweat: Hard work makes you sweat

wealth: The lottery winner gave away all his wealth

'ear' as in beard

appear: As dusk fell I saw the moon appear

beard: His big bushy beard covered his tie

clear: The stream was so clear you could see the fish

ear: She whispered in his ear

fear: A brave man hides his fear

gear: The car was stuck in second gear

hear: Rabbits have long ears to hear danger

rear: Pedals drive a bike's rear wheel

spear: He hurled his spear at the springing lion

Suffixes 'ful/ly'

'..ful' cup > cupful

armful: I can't hold the baby and an armful of clothes

bucketful: A bucketful of water is enough to clean the car

cupful: A British cupful measures ten fluid ounces

mouthful: Gargle with a mouthful of salt water

spoonful: A spoonful of sugar sweetens coffee

'..ful' truth > truthful

careful: She was careful to keep to the office routine

colourful: A bed of roses in bloom looks colourful

faithful: His faithful dog followed him everywhere

harmful: Poison is extremely harmful

powerful: Elephants are more powerful than ants

truthful: A truthful answer contains no lies

useful: I never throw useful things away

'..fully' careful > carefully

carefully: They carefully lifted the fragile pane of glass

cheerfully: The singing soldiers marched cheerfully on

faithfully: A letter starting 'Dear Sir' ends with 'Yours faithfully'

gracefully: The dancer moved gracefully across the floor

hopefully: My dog looks up hopefully for a treat

painfully: She ran on painfully with blistered feet

truthfully: He answered truthfully and told them no lies

'..ly' friend > friendly

beastly: The monster howled a beastly howl

cowardly: The cowardly lion hid from the mouse

friendly: She welcomed us with a friendly smile

motherly: She cradled the child in a motherly way

queenly: She gave a queenly wave from the balcony

'..ly' loud > loudly

bravely: Firemen bravely fight fires

lonely: Crusoe was lonely on the desert island

loudly: A big voice boomed loudly through the room

lovely: It was a lovely day and the sun shone bright

only: I have only one sweet left

quietly: Tiptoe quietly in without a word

silently: He did not cry out but suffered silently

slowly: A slug slowly slithered across the path

suddenly: The door suddenly burst open

'..ly' wrong > wrongly

badly: My front wheel is badly twisted

bravely: Firemen bravely fight fires

quickly: Run quickly or you'll miss the bus

quietly: Tiptoe quietly in without a word

silently: He did not cry out but suffered silently

slowly: A slug slowly slithered across the path

suddenly: The door suddenly burst open

wrongly: My innocent friend was wrongly arrested

Year 3 term 1

'..le' endings

'..le' as in apple

apple: An apple a day keeps the doctor away

battle: Napoleon fought his last battle at Waterloo

bottle: Do you prefer your cola in a bottle or a can?

bubble: I chewed my gum and blew a bubble

cuddle: A cuddle a day keeps sadness at bay

dribble: Babies happily dribble food down their chins

gobble: Dogs always gobble their food

middle: He fell in a puddle right up to his middle

'..le' as in candle

ankle: Your ankle connects your leg to your foot

bundle: The tramp wrapped his clothes into a bundle

candle: She blew out every candle on her birthday cake

grumble: People often grumble about the weather

handle: I've broken the handle of my favourite mug

nimble: Jack was nimble enough to escape down the beanstalk

simple: Two plus two is a simple sum

single: Someone unmarried is single

'..le' as in table

cable: A cable connects the cooker to the mains

cradle: The tiny baby slept in his cradle

ladle: A ladle is a spoon for serving soup

maple: The maple tree provides a delicious syrup

noble: A noble deed is brave and selfless

sidle: Can you sidle stealthily like a crab?

table: The table was laden with scrumptious food

Prefixes

'de..'

decamp: If the floods rise all campers must decamp

decode: Spies have to decode their messages

deforested: Trees grew here before it was deforested

defrost: Get the bread from the freezer and let it defrost

dethrone: The king's enemies planned to dethrone him

'dis..'

disappointed: She was so disappointed to lose

discovery: A little hidden beach was our great discovery

disgusting: That greasy sink looks disgusting

dismay: With utter dismay they saw the boat sink

disposable: We throw our baby's disposable nappies away

'pre..'

precooked: Make sure your precooked meal is properly heated

prefix: Name a prefix that means 'before'

prehistoric: We have no written records from prehistoric people

prepacked: I bought a prepacked lunch

preschool: My little sister is still at preschool playgroup

're..'

rehouse: I made a new hutch to rehouse my rabbit

renew: I need to renew my library book

replace: I bought this book to replace one I lost

replay: If the teams draw there will be a replay

review: I need to review what I have learned

'un..' as undoing actions

uncover: He pulled off the cloth to uncover the statue

undo: Do you undo your laces to take off your trainers?

unearth: The dog dug deep to unearth his bone

unload: They had to unload the boxes off the truck

untwist: You untwist the paper to get the toffee

unwrap: I tore the paper to unwrap my present

Similar patterns

building similar words

climb: You must clamber over rocks to climb that slope

medicine: Medical help can include medicine

rehearse: Will you hear me rehearse my song?

sign: The signal was a sign they had heard us

two: A twin is one of two

Verbs with '..ing'

'..ing' rub > rubbing

digging: I'll dig where I was digging yesterday

getting: I'm getting too big for my clothes

hopping: If you try to run with one leg you are hopping

rubbing: Aladdin was rubbing the lamp to clean it

swimming: He is swimming under the water

'..ing' care > caring

caring: I was caring for my cousin's cat

coming: Mother is coming to see us tomorrow

hoping: I'm hoping Mum won't be mad

moving: We're moving away next week

writing: The children were writing a letter home

'..ing' grin > grinning

grinning: She was grinning from ear to ear

panicking: She is panicking because she has not done the work

referring: I was referring to your brother, not you

travelling: I was travelling by train

'..ing' visit > visiting

carpeting: I was carpeting the floor when I lost my mouse

happening: Darkness hid what was happening

limiting: I am limiting myself to one sweet a day

targeting: The girls were targeting water-pistols at the boys

visiting: I can't show you the way as I'm just visiting

'..ing' with eye ..ie ..o ..oe

echoing: Their voices were echoing through the cavern

eyeing: A hungry boy was eyeing cakes in the window

hoeing: He was hoeing his garden to keep down weeds

lying: She was lying in bed till noon

radioing: The captain is radioing for help

shoeing: The blacksmith was shoeing the horse in the yard

tying: I am tying the parcel with string

vetoing: The boss says he is vetoing the plan

Year 3 term 2

'..er, ..est, ..y' alter spelling

'..y' fun > funny

baggy: His baggy trousers were far too big

foggy: It's so foggy we can't see the way

funny: People laugh at funny things

furry: The mouldy bread had gone furry

muddy: They played in mud and got muddy

spotty: That spotty face could mean chicken-pox

starry: The moon was sailing in the starry sky

tinny: Tin whistles can make tiny tinny sounds

witty: A witty comment is funny but not always polite

'..y' grease > greasy

easy: I like simple and easy work

greasy: Elbow-grease cleans greasy dishes

hasty: The dog sniffed the crab then beat a hasty retreat

noisy: Loud machines make a workshop noisy

shady: It was cool beneath the shady trees

shiny: Sunlight glinted off their shiny armour

slimy: A slimy slug slid slowly across the path

tasty: Food that tastes good is tasty

easy > easier >easiest

easier: It is an easy walk but an easier ride by bus

easiest: The simplest work is often the easiest

funnier: Your jokes may be funny but mine are funnier

funniest: He was the funniest comedian in the show

happier: I am happier in jeans than in a suit

happiest: The happiest cat was the one who got the cream

healthier: Walking is healthier than driving

healthiest: Well-balanced meals are the healthiest

late > later > latest

fiercer: A cat is fiercer than a mouse

fiercest: A tiger is fiercest when defending her cubs

larger: As you grow up you need larger clothes

largest: Which animal has the largest feet?

simpler: A hut is simpler than a palace

simplest: The simplest ideas are often the best

whiter: Which detergent washes whiter than white?

whitest: The whitest shirt had no marks at all

red > redder > reddest

bigger: An elephant is bigger than a mouse

biggest: How big is the biggest turkey ever?

hotter: The fire is hot and it is getting hotter

hottest: How hot was the hottest day ever?

redder: As they ran their red faces turned redder

reddest: Poppies are the reddest flowers of all

'..ly, ..ful, ..less' endings

'..ful' cup > cupful

armful: I can't hold the baby and an armful of clothes

bucketful: A bucketful of water is enough to clean the car

cupful: A British cupful measures ten fluid ounces

mouthful: Gargle with a mouthful of salt water

spoonful: A spoonful of sugar sweetens coffee

'..ful' truth > truthful

careful: She was careful to keep to the office routine

colourful: A bed of roses in bloom looks colourful

faithful: His faithful dog followed him everywhere

harmful: Poison is extremely harmful

powerful: Elephants are more powerful than ants

truthful: A truthful answer contains no lies

useful: I never throw useful things away

'..less' air > airless

aimless: They were wandering in an aimless way

airless: With no windows the tiny room felt airless

breathless: The climb left her breathless and panting

careless: It was careless to drop your banana skin

countless: There are countless stars in the sky

effortless: Experts make skills seem effortless

pointless: It is pointless trying to empty the sea with a bucket

'..ly' friend > friendly

beastly: The monster howled a beastly howl

cowardly: The cowardly lion hid from the mouse

friendly: She welcomed us with a friendly smile

motherly: She cradled the child in a motherly way

queenly: She gave a queenly wave from the balcony

'..ly' loud > loudly

bravely: Firemen bravely fight fires

lonely: Crusoe was lonely on the desert island

loudly: A big voice boomed loudly through the room

lovely: It was a lovely day and the sun shone bright

only: I have only one sweet left

quietly: Tiptoe quietly in without a word

silently: He did not cry out but suffered silently

slowly: A slug slowly slithered across the path

suddenly: The door suddenly burst open

'..ly' wrong > wrongly

badly: My front wheel is badly twisted

bravely: Firemen bravely fight fires

quickly: Run quickly or you'll miss the bus

quietly: Tiptoe quietly in without a word

silently: He did not cry out but suffered silently

slowly: A slug slowly slithered across the path

suddenly: The door suddenly burst open

wrongly: My innocent friend was wrongly arrested

's' plurals alter spelling

baby > babies

babies: Two babies yowl louder than one

cities: Our cities suffer from too much traffic

daisies: How many daisies make a daisy chain?

families: Many families go on holiday together

pennies: She saved her pennies until she made a pound

ponies: Lots of ponies entered the pony show

puppies: The smallest puppy joined the other puppies

stories: There are three great stories in this book

half > halves

halves: Football is a game of two halves

knives: Bring knives, forks, spoons and a bread knife

loaves: Half a loaf is better than no loaves at all

shelves: It's on the lower shelf of the shelves by the window

thieves: The thief knew where the other thieves went

wives: King Henry had six wives

wolves: One wolf is the leader of a pack of wolves

hero > heroes

cargoes: The ships carried cargoes of tea and spices

dominoes: A set of dominoes has twenty-eight tiles

echoes: Their voices made echoes inside the cavern

heroes: Our winning team came home heroes

potatoes: Chips are sliced and fried potatoes

tomatoes: Are tomatoes fruit or vegetables?

volcanoes: Mounts Etna and Vesuvius are volcanoes

kilo > kilos

embryos: Unborn animals are known as embryos

kilos: How many kilos do you weigh?

photos: I have put my photos in this album

pianos: Two pianists played on separate pianos

radios: TV's are usually more expensive than radios

solos: The solos were sung by each singer in turn

videos: Video recorders are often called videos

kiss > kisses

boxes: I'll just pile this box on top of these boxes

brushes: She put her clean brush with the other brushes

coaches: Our coach was the first of the six coaches

kisses: Her letter ends with a row of kisses

matches: Lots of matches fit in a matchbox

monkey > monkeys

boys: All men were once boys

guys: The dummies made for bonfires are called guys

keys: Locks are opened with keys

monkeys: Playful monkeys were swinging by their tails

toys: The toyshop was piled high with toys

trays: The twins had breakfast in bed on trays

ways: There are lots of ways to play cards

roof > roofs

beliefs: She shared her parents beliefs in old wives tales

chefs: Some chefs won't share their cooking secrets

chiefs: The chiefs of the tribes all met together

cliffs: Tall cliffs rise out of the sea

roofs: Here the roofs of houses have red tiles

compound words

compound words

birthday: Your birthday marks the day you were born

dustbin: The dustbin is for household rubbish

handbag: She keeps her purse in her handbag

lipstick: Use lipstick to colour your lips

milkman: A milkman delivers milk

notebook: He jotted some notes in his notebook

sunset: The western sky glows red at sunset

windmill: Wind drives the sails of the windmill

Silent letters

'gn' as in gnat

design: You need a design before you build

gnarl: Old age makes trees twist and gnarl

gnash: A dog will gnash his teeth in anger

gnat: The gnat will buzz and bite at night

gnome: I put a gnome by my garden pond.

reign: Queen Victoria's reign lasted sixty-five years

sign: A sign beside the road shows the way

'kn..' as in knee

knee: I fell and grazed my knee

kneel: People often kneel when praying

knew: After just one lesson I knew how to skate

knife: A good cook needs a sharp knife

knight: The brave knight rode a black horse

knit: Gran will knit me a jumper

knob: The knob turned and the door opened

knock: There came a loud knock at the door.

knot: I tied the rope with a firm knot.

'wr..' as in write

wrap: I must wrap his present neatly

wreck: The wreck was sunk in a storm.

wren: The little wren sings very loudly

wrench: A wrench is a kind of spanner

wring: My wrists were too weak to wring out the cloth

wrist: Hands twist from the wrist

write: I want to write him a letter

wrong: Stealing things is wrong

Year 3 term 3

Word contractions

do not > don't

can't: A fish out of water can't swim

couldn't: The short form of could not is couldn't

didn't: I didn't fall but the other skaters did

don't: Dinosaurs don't live here any more

haven't: The short form of have not is haven't

isn't: The short form of is not is isn't.

shan't: The short form of shall not is shan't

wasn't: The short form of was not is wasn't

won't: The short form of will not is won't

he has, he is > he's

he's: The short form of he is or he has, is he's

it's: The short form of it is or it has, is it's

she's: The short form of she is or she has, is she's

there's: The short form of there is, is there's

where's: The short form of where is, is where's

I had, I would > I'd

he'd: The short form of he had or he would is he'd

I'd: The short form of I had or I would is I'd

she'd: The short form of she had or she would is she'd

they'd: The short form of they had or they would is they'd

you'd: The short form of you would is you'd

I will, I shall > I'll

I'll: The short form of I will or I shall is I'll

it'll: The short form of it will is it'll

she'll: The short form of she will is she'll

they'll: The short form of they will is they'll

we'll: The short form of we will or we shall is we'll

we are > we're etc.

I'm: The short form of I am is I'm

they're: My parents think they're really cool.

we're: The short form of we are is we're

you're: I'm so pleased you're here!

we have > we've

could've: The short form of could have is could've

I've: The short form of I have is I've

might've: The short form of might have is might've

should've: The short form of should have is should've

we've: The short form of we have is weve

Contractions

do not > don't

can't: A fish out of water can't swim

couldn't: The short form of could not is couldn't

didn't: I didn't fall but the other skaters did

don't: Dinosaurs don't live here any more

haven't: The short form of have not is haven't

isn't: The short form of is not is isn't.

shan't: The short form of shall not is shan't

wasn't: The short form of was not is wasn't

won't: The short form of will not is won't

he has, he is > he's

he's: The short form of he is or he has, is he's

it's: The short form of it is or it has, is it's

she's: The short form of she is or she has, is she's

there's: The short form of there is, is there's

where's: The short form of where is, is where's

I had, I would > I'd

he'd: The short form of he had or he would is he'd

I'd: The short form of I had or I would is I'd

she'd: The short form of she had or she would is she'd

they'd: The short form of they had or they would is they'd

you'd: The short form of you would is you'd

I will, I shall > I'll

I'll: The short form of I will or I shall is I'll

it'll: The short form of it will is it'll

she'll: The short form of she will is she'll

they'll: The short form of they will is they'll

we'll: The short form of we will or we shall is we'll

we are > we're etc.

I'm: The short form of I am is I'm

they're: My parents think they're really cool.

we're: The short form of we are is we're

you're: I'm so pleased you're here!

we have > we've

could've: The short form of could have is could've

I've: The short form of I have is I've

might've: The short form of might have is might've

should've: The short form of should have is should've

we've: The short form of we have is weve

Prefixes

'anti..'

anticlimax: The end of a holiday is such an anticlimax

anticlockwise: The hands of a clock never turn anticlockwise

antidote: A dock leaf is an antidote for nettle stings

antifreeze: Car radiators need antifreeze in winter

antiseptic: Clean cuts with an antiseptic to kill bacteria

'co..'

coerce: He is strong enough to coerce them to leave

coexist: If only all nations would coexist in peace!

cooperate: Let's cooperate and share the work

'ex..' out of

excavate: The bulldozers rolled in to excavate the site

except: February has 28 days except in leap years

excluding: The price is two pounds excluding postage

excursion: Let's go on the excursion to the theme park

exit: You leave the building by the nearest exit

export: We export cars to many countries

extract: The dentist pulled hard to extract the tooth

'mis..'

mishap: The broken window was just a mishap

mislead: Don't let his flattery mislead you

misprint: This wrong spelling must be a misprint

misspell: If you spell this word right you won't misspell it

mistimed: He scored when the goalie mistimed his save

mistreat: To scribble in a library book is to mistreat it

misunderstood: I misunderstood your directions and got lost

misuse: It's a misuse of a car to stand on its roof

'non..'

nonchalant: To be nonchalant is to be unconcerned

nonconformist: A nonconformist is a person who will not conform

nondescript: Something nondescript is unremarkable

nonentity: Something of no importance is a nonentity

nonplussed: To be nonplussed is to be baffled

Year 4 term 1

Appendix list 2 words

some useful verbs

began: I began to play the drums when I was six

being: Nobody likes being ill

coming: Mother is coming to see us tomorrow

does: She does judo on Monday after school

might: We think we might win

show: Let me show you my scar

told: Gulliver told the tale of his travels

walk: He went for a long walk

walking: Running is speeded-up walking

write: I want to write him a letter

some useful verbs 2

change: This tiny grub will change into a moth

found: I looked around and found a pound

heard: I heard a great new song today

leave: When I leave school I'm going to be a pop star

tries: A newborn foal tries to stand up

watch: I like to watch the news on TV

verbs, adding '..ed'

asked: My mother asked thousands of questions

jumped: He jumped into the lake

opened: He opened the window because it was hot

started: It started to rain as we left the house

stopped: He stopped and looked before crossing the road

turned: She turned to see what was behind her

used: He used a spade to dig a hole in the garden

walked: We walked for five hours without stopping

verbs, contractions

can't: A fish out of water can't swim

didn't: I didn't fall but the other skaters did

don't: Dinosaurs don't live here any more

I'm: The short form of I am is I'm

verbs, past and present

brought: Have you brought your trainers with you?

goes: He goes to bed when he's tired

gone: I miss my friend now she's gone away

knew: After just one lesson I knew how to skate

know: I know that tomorrow never comes!

think: I must think before I speak

thought: I thought about what you said and I still say no

woke: Dad woke Mum with a cup of tea

woken: I have woken up so I might as well get up

Double consonant 2 syllables

split like 'bot-tle'

apple: An apple a day keeps the doctor away

bottle: Do you prefer your cola in a bottle or a can?

bubble: I chewed my gum and blew a bubble

cuddle: A cuddle a day keeps sadness at bay

dribble: Babies happily dribble food down their chins

gobble: Dogs always gobble their food

middle: He fell in a puddle right up to his middle

cotton: A cotton shirt keeps you cool

hidden: The secret door was very well hidden

kitten: My kitten is fluffy and playful

lesson: Our next lesson is History

paddock: Her pony grazes in the paddock

puffin: You can always tell a puffin by its bill

rabbit: Our pet rabbit ate Mum's prize carrots

sudden: A sudden clap of thunder broke the silence

Homophones

3-way homophones

their: The kittens lost their mittens

there: We're standing here but the bus stops over there

they're: My parents think they're really cool.

to: I went to the fair

too: My two cats are too lazy to go out

two: We have one nose but two eyes

consonant phonemes

hole: The pirate dug a hole to hide his gold

knew: After just one lesson I knew how to skate

know: I know that tomorrow never comes!

new: I would like a new bike for my birthday

no: Shake your head for no

one: We have two eyes and one nose

right: Ticks mean all your sums are right

wear: People wear shorts in the summer

where: Just here is where I sit

whole: The egg was whole before he sat on it

won: The girl who ran the fastest won the race

write: I want to write him a letter

vowel phonemes

peace: The dove is a symbol of peace

piece: Would you like a piece of pie?

some: Most birds can fly and some can swim

sum: This sum gets a tick

threw: She threw the ball for me to catch

through: Go through the gate to get in the field

wood: She wants some wood to build a boat

would: I would rather fly than walk

you're: I'm so pleased you're here!

your: Clap your hands if you like the show

Irregular tense changes

basic past tenses

came: My aunt came to see us last week

could: He said he could do magic

did: I did my work then had a rest

got: We went in the rain and got wet

had: I did my work then had a rest

saw: He looked up and saw the moon

was: There once was an ugly duckling

went: Jack and Jill went up the hill

were: Once upon a time there were three pigs

more past tenses

ate: This pain must be due to something I ate

began: I began to play the drums when I was six

drew: He drew a picture of a flower

heard: I heard a great new song today

knew: After just one lesson I knew how to skate

paid: This bill hasn't been paid so I'll pay it now

slept: Baby slept in a cot

spoke: She spoke loudly and clearly so that we could all hear

stood: Everybody stood up at the end of the concert

told: Gulliver told the tale of his travels

took: She took a look at her book

won: The girl who ran the fastest won the race

past participles

been: I've been to London to see the Queen

begun: I have only just begun my story

done: My work is all done and finished

given: I was given this watch as a present

gone: I miss my friend now she's gone away

known: I had known about your secret for ages

seen: What's the best film you've ever seen?

taken: You must have taken my coat by mistake

past participles 2

broken: Have you ever broken a promise?

chosen: Have you chosen a book from the library this week?

drawn: I have drawn this picture specially for you

driven: I have never driven a tractor

fallen: He's fallen in the water!

flown: People who have flown with Concorde say it's great

grown: I have grown some new teeth this year

ridden: Have you ever ridden a horse bareback?

spoken: I have often spoken to him on the phone

written: I have written a super story

past with '..ught'

bought: I bought a short jacket from the market

brought: Have you brought your trainers with you?

caught: He put out a hand and caught the ball

fought: The battle of Waterloo was fought and won in a day

taught: He taught his dog to do some tricks

thought: I thought about what you said and I still say no

Suffixes

'..al'

animal: A dog is a domestic animal

annual: An annual event happens once a year

central: The hub is the central part of a wheel

equal: Each glass holds an equal amount

final: I have said my last word and that is final

hospital: A hospital is where people go to be made better

local: Our local school is just down the road

natural: She insisted her hair was its natural colour

personal: It was a personal matter and private to him

several: A family has several members

'..ary'

dictionary: A dictionary gives the meaning of words

library: A library houses a collection of books

necessary: If necessary we will send a replacement

ordinary: Do you want ordinary baked beans or curried beans?

temporary: A box made a temporary table

voluntary: It was voluntary work they did for free

'..hood'

adulthood: Does adulthood start at eighteen or twenty-one?

childhood: The old man's thoughts turned back to his childhood

falsehood: A falsehood is something which is not true

neighbourhood: He's the paper-boy for our neighbourhood

'..ic'

alcoholic: An alcoholic drink contains alcohol

artistic: Someone with artistic talent painted this picture

athletic: His athletic build meant he could run fast

demonic: The foul fiend howled with demonic laughter

historic: The first flight to the moon was a historic event

magnetic: A magnetic substance can be attracted by a magnet

metallic: The robot made a metallic sound as he clanked along

'..ment'

advertisement: An advertisement tries to attract your attention

development: Space travel is a recent development

measurement: A measurement finds the size of something

movement: Lots of movement will keep you fit

payment: One more payment and the guitar is mine

treatment: Rest is a treatment for flu

'..ness'

carelessness: Some bad driving is just carelessness

darkness: Out went the lights and we were in darkness

eagerness: He pushed me aside in his eagerness to win

fitness: Exercise helps maintain fitness

goodness: An apple is full of goodness

kindness: She showed kindness in helping the old man across the road

sadness: I felt sadness when my goldfish died

sickness: Paint fumes can cause sickness

'..ship'

citizenship: Her new country granted her citizenship

companionship: Lonely people crave companionship

friendship: Two pen-pals made a lifelong friendship

hardship: There is hardship when the money runs out

relationship: Ben and his dad have a good relationship

Verb endings

'..ed' cry > cried

cried: Everyone cried at the weepy old film

dried: I dried the dog with my towel

fried: He fried his egg in the frying pan

hurried: They hurried to get to the match on time

married: The bride and groom have just got married

worried: I worried until my test results arrived

'..ed' date > dated

amused: We were amused by his witty cartoons

dared: No-one dared move for fear of rocking the boat

dated: She dated the letter at the top

droned: The dreary voice droned on and on

hoped: My birthday was as good as I had hoped

moved: New neighbours have moved in next door

'..ed' radio > radioed

echoed: Voices echoed through the empty cave

radioed: 'Mayday, Mayday' radioed the stranded ship

vetoed: The boss vetoed any plan he disapproved of

videoed: We videoed last night's film to watch tonight

'..ed' sounding as "d"

growled: The watch dog growled a low warning

poured: He poured the tea into two large mugs

rained: It rained all day and we were soaked

sailed: His ship sailed on the tide

showed: She opened the book and showed them the picture

teamed: The tennis players teamed up into pairs

crowded: We crowded into the tiny room

delighted: We were delighted to hear your good news

greeted: She greeted me with a hug

mended: She mended the puncture and rode away

painted: I painted the picture you see on the wall

shouted: He shouted for help at the top of his voice

waited: I waited for ages for him to turn up

wounded: An arrow wounded the stag as he fled

'..ed' sounding as "t"

asked: My mother asked thousands of questions

crashed: The runaway train crashed into the buffers

dressed: He dressed and came downstairs

jumped: He jumped into the lake

puffed: He huffed and he puffed and he blew the house down

reached: At long last they reached their journey's end

'..ing' rub > rubbing

digging: I'll dig where I was digging yesterday

getting: I'm getting too big for my clothes

hopping: If you try to run with one leg you are hopping

rubbing: Aladdin was rubbing the lamp to clean it

swimming: He is swimming under the water

'..ing' care > caring

caring: I was caring for my cousin's cat

coming: Mother is coming to see us tomorrow

hoping: I'm hoping Mum won't be mad

moving: We're moving away next week

writing: The children were writing a letter home

'..ing' grin > grinning

grinning: She was grinning from ear to ear

panicking: She is panicking because she has not done the work

referring: I was referring to your brother, not you

travelling: I was travelling by train

'..ing' visit > visiting

carpeting: I was carpeting the floor when I lost my mouse

happening: Darkness hid what was happening

limiting: I am limiting myself to one sweet a day

targeting: The girls were targeting water-pistols at the boys

visiting: I can't show you the way as I'm just visiting

'..ing' wait > waiting

carrying: I put on the coat I was carrying

dreaming: I'm dreaming of winning the lottery

going: We are going to the fair

standing: Your elephant is standing on my toe

waiting: I'll be waiting all day for the phone to ring

'..ing' with eye ..ie ..o ..oe

echoing: Their voices were echoing through the cavern

eyeing: A hungry boy was eyeing cakes in the window

hoeing: He was hoeing his garden to keep down weeds

lying: She was lying in bed till noon

radioing: The captain is radioing for help

shoeing: The blacksmith was shoeing the horse in the yard

tying: I am tying the parcel with string

vetoing: The boss says he is vetoing the plan

'..s' cry > cries

carries: The waiter carries a tray of drinks

cries: My sister cries at weepy old films

dries: Hot air dries wet hair

hurries: Everyone hurries to get to the match in time

worries: My mum worries about me when I'm late home

Year 4 term 2

Appendix list 2 words

'time' words

always: The sun always rises in the east

before: Unwrap a sweet before you eat

during: We're not at school during the holidays

never: We never sleep standing up

often: We walk more often than we swim

sometimes: The sky is sometimes red in the morning

suddenly: The door suddenly burst open

'time' words 2

first: The first to get home is the winner

morning: The sun comes up in the morning

second: The second follows the first

still: Keep still while I cut your hair!

today: The day before tomorrow is today

until: They waited until the bus came along

while: I played outside while Mum made supper

year: There are twelve months in a year

useful words

almost: One mile to go and our train is almost there

any: Choose any number between one and ten

better: We played well but they played better

every: I have every record the group ever made

half: One is half of two

much: A lion is much bigger than a mouse

number: Nine is a number

only: I have only one sweet left

upon: Once upon a time there were three little pigs

young: A kitten is a young cat

Some prefixes

'al..'

almost: One mile to go and our train is almost there

already: You can't have another sweet because you've already had one

also: My bedroom is also my den

although: He didn't cry although his hand hurt

always: The sun always rises in the east

'be..'

because: We went indoors because of the rain

before: Unwrap a sweet before you eat

behind: The cart goes behind the horse

below: Fish swim below the waves

beneath: The grass was soft beneath her feet

beside: Come and sit here beside me

between: The ball must go between the posts to score

beyond: The sea lies beyond those hills

'en..'

enable: This ticket will enable me to see the match

encircle: She planted a border to encircle the lawn

encourage: The crowd was singing to encourage the team

enforce: A policeman's job is to enforce the law

engulf: Waves rose up to engulf the ship

enlarge: When you enlarge a photo you show more detail

enrich: More butter would enrich this pudding

'fore..'

forecast: Rain is forecast for tomorrow

forecourt: You'll find a phone on the station forecourt

forefinger: You point with your forefinger

foreground: She drew trees in the foreground and hills behind

forehead: His hair flopped over his forehead

foreman: The foreman made sure the job was done

foresee: We cannot foresee the future

forewarn: Dark clouds may forewarn of a storm

'forth..'

forthcoming: I begged for money but none was forthcoming

forthright: A plain speaking man gives a forthright answer

forthwith: One moment, my lord, and I'll be with you forthwith

'per..'

percolate: Rain will percolate through sandy soil

perforation: A stamp tears off at the perforation

perfume: This perfume smells of roses

permanent: The ink made a permanent mark on her shirt

permit: This permit will let me fish here

perspire: Posh people perspire but never sweat

pervade: Does the smell of cooking pervade the house?

'with..'

withdraw: He had to withdraw his hasty remark

withhold: People often withhold their best efforts till last

withstand: A strong oak can withstand many gales

Word endings

'..ar' as in sugar

cellar: Cold steps led down to a chilly cellar

collar: We put Rover's name-tag on his collar

mortar: What holds bricks together is mortar

sugar: Just a spoonful of sugar in my tea, please

vinegar: I sprinkled vinegar over my chips

'..el' as in model

angel: An angel is a heavenly messenger

kennel: Our dog lives in his kennel in the yard

label: The label on the jar said 'plum jam'

level: Things don't slide off a level shelf

model: She built a model of the Titanic

parcel: He wrapped the parcel in brown paper

quarrel: They disagreed and started to quarrel

travel: To reach the States you travel by air

'..ey' as in monkey

abbey: Monks once lived in the old abbey

chimney: Why doesn't Santa get stuck in the chimney?

honey: Bees make honey

journey: It's a long journey from here to Timbuktu

money: All my money fell out of my purse

monkey: A monkey uses all four limbs to swing from trees

turkey: The turkey is the largest bird on our farm

valley: A valley is low ground between hills

'..ight' as in bright

bright: The light was so bright they were dazzled

fight: He is training hard for his big fight

fright: His sudden yell gave her a fright

highlight: I used a yellow marker to highlight the main points

might: We think we might win

night: All that night the moon shone bright

right: Ticks mean all your sums are right

tight: These tight shoes pinch my toes

'..il' as in pencil

civil: Polite people give civil replies

council: The local council collects taxes to spend on services

daffodil: The daffodil is a sign of spring

fossil: We know extinct life from fossil remains

lentil: She made a pot of lentil soup for supper

pencil: I write in pencil if I need to rub out

stencil: A stencil makes it easy to paint a shape

utensil: A utensil is anything used in the kitchen

'..le' as in apple

apple: An apple a day keeps the doctor away

battle: Napoleon fought his last battle at Waterloo

bottle: Do you prefer your cola in a bottle or a can?

bubble: I chewed my gum and blew a bubble

cuddle: A cuddle a day keeps sadness at bay

dribble: Babies happily dribble food down their chins

gobble: Dogs always gobble their food

middle: He fell in a puddle right up to his middle

'..le' as in candle

ankle: Your ankle connects your leg to your foot

bundle: The tramp wrapped his clothes into a bundle

candle: She blew out every candle on her birthday cake

grumble: People often grumble about the weather

handle: I've broken the handle of my favourite mug

nimble: Jack was nimble enough to escape down the beanstalk

simple: Two plus two is a simple sum

single: Someone unmarried is single

'..le' as in table

cable: A cable connects the cooker to the mains

cradle: The tiny baby slept in his cradle

ladle: A ladle is a spoon for serving soup

maple: The maple tree provides a delicious syrup

noble: A noble deed is brave and selfless

sidle: Can you sidle stealthily like a crab?

table: The table was laden with scrumptious food

'..ought' as in bought

bought: I bought a short jacket from the market

brought: Have you brought your trainers with you?

fought: The battle of Waterloo was fought and won in a day

nought: Write nought when there is nothing at all

thought: I thought about what you said and I still say no

half > halves

halves: Football is a game of two halves

knives: Bring knives, forks, spoons and a bread knife

loaves: Half a loaf is better than no loaves at all

shelves: It's on the lower shelf of the shelves by the window

thieves: The thief knew where the other thieves went

wives: King Henry had six wives

wolves: One wolf is the leader of a pack of wolves

roof > roofs

beliefs: She shared her parents beliefs in old wives tales

chefs: Some chefs won't share their cooking secrets

chiefs: The chiefs of the tribes all met together

cliffs: Tall cliffs rise out of the sea

roofs: Here the roofs of houses have red tiles

Year 4 term 3

Adding parts to words

'..ful' truth > truthful

careful: She was careful to keep to the office routine

colourful: A bed of roses in bloom looks colourful

faithful: His faithful dog followed him everywhere

harmful: Poison is extremely harmful

powerful: Elephants are more powerful than ants

truthful: A truthful answer contains no lies

useful: I never throw useful things away

'..ic'

alcoholic: An alcoholic drink contains alcohol

artistic: Someone with artistic talent painted this picture

athletic: His athletic build meant he could run fast

demonic: The foul fiend howled with demonic laughter

historic: The first flight to the moon was a historic event

magnetic: A magnetic substance can be attracted by a magnet

metallic: The robot made a metallic sound as he clanked along

'..ist'

balloonist: Up up and away the balloonist soars.

biologist: A biologist studies living things

chemist: A chemist sells tablets for headaches

cyclist: The cyclist pedalled hard to climb the hill.

florist: A florist is very busy on Mother's Day

guitarist: A guitarist plays by strumming his strings

journalist: He's a journalist and writes for the local paper

pianist: The pianist ran his fingers lightly over the keys

'..ive'

active: An active dog needs lots of walks

attractive: Only warthogs find other warthogs attractive

defective: A defective machine does not work

defensive: A defensive moat guarded the castle walls

effective: Hedgehog's spines make an effective defence

expensive: A diamond necklace is an expensive gift

impressive: The huge dinosaur left an impressive footprint

'..ly' friend > friendly

beastly: The monster howled a beastly howl

cowardly: The cowardly lion hid from the mouse

friendly: She welcomed us with a friendly smile

motherly: She cradled the child in a motherly way

queenly: She gave a queenly wave from the balcony

'..ly' loud > loudly

bravely: Firemen bravely fight fires

lonely: Crusoe was lonely on the desert island

loudly: A big voice boomed loudly through the room

lovely: It was a lovely day and the sun shone bright

only: I have only one sweet left

quietly: Tiptoe quietly in without a word

silently: He did not cry out but suffered silently

slowly: A slug slowly slithered across the path

suddenly: The door suddenly burst open

'..tion' elect > election

collection: I would like this stamp for my collection

connection: You plug in the cable to make a connection

election: She was elected MP at the last election

exhibition: Local artists held an exhibition of their work

invention: The wheel was an early invention

suggestion: He made a brilliant suggestion for increasing sales

Appendix list 2 words

'place' words

above: You hold an umbrella above your head

across: He waved to us from across the river

along: A path runs along the riverbank

around: The pony trots around the ring

below: Fish swim below the waves

between: The ball must go between the posts to score

high: From high on the hill they saw for miles

inside: She's painting the house inside and out

'place' words 2

near: Sit near the front if you want a good view

outside: She's painting the house outside and in

round: All wheels are round

through: Go through the gate to get in the field

together: Bread and jam go well together

under: The river runs under the bridge

where: Just here is where I sit

useful words 3

also: My bedroom is also my den

both: Bananas and pears are both fruit

different: Apples are different from oranges

following: There were floods following two weeks of heavy rain

other: Would you like this book or the other one?

place: A bookmark helps you find your place

right: Ticks mean all your sums are right

such: Your party was such good fun

without: A bike without wheels is no good at all

Common roots

fortis strong

comfort: I love the comfort of my own armchair

effort: To make an effort is to try hard

force: The force of the gale made cars overturn

fortify: To fortify is to protect against attack

fortress: A fortress is a fortified place of defence

reinforce: I reinforce something to make it stronger

gramma letter

anagram: An anagram is a word with the letters mixed up

diagram: A diagram is a plan of something on paper

grammar: The study of the rules of a language is its grammar

gramophone: A gramophone plays music from vinyl discs

hologram: A hologram can show a solid-looking picture

programme: A menu of events is called a programme

pendere to hang

appendix: An appendix is a dead end in the gut

depend: To depend is to rely on something

independent: An independent person is self-reliant

pendant: A pendant hangs from the neck

pending: Something pending is waiting to be done

pendulum: A pendulum is a swinging weight

suspense: A built up state of waiting is called suspense

phone sound

cacophony: A cacophony is a hideous noise

gramophone: A gramophone plays music from vinyl discs

microphone: A microphone is used to pick up sound

phonetics: The study of spoken language is called phonetics

symphony: A symphony is a big orchestral composition

telephone: You speak over a distance with a telephone

portare carry

export: We export cars to many countries

import: We import bananas because they don't grow here

portable: He takes his portable TV to bed

report: A report carries information

support: That shelf won't support your weight

press press

compress: To compress is to squash

express: It's hard to express how you feel sometimes

expression: Her face bore an expression of utter joy

impression: His polite manner made a good impression

impressive: The huge dinosaur left an impressive footprint

press: A bell will ring if you press this button

pressure: Too much air pressure bursts a balloon

vent come

adventure: Exploring the forest is quite an adventure

convent: A convent is a place where nuns live

event: Their wedding was a big family event

invent: You have to be creative to invent things

prevent: Brushing teeth helps prevent tooth decay

Diminutives

'..ette' diminutive

cassette: A cassette is a handy way to buy music

cigarette: A cigarette is smaller than a cigar

courgette: A courgette is a baby marrow

maisonette: A maisonette is half house, half flat.

marionette: A marionette is a puppet on strings

serviette: I use my serviette to wipe my mouth

'..let' diminutive

booklet: The booklet tells you how to work the video

droplet: A droplet of water trickled down the window

leaflet: The salesman put a leaflet through the door

piglet: A piglet is a baby pig

ringlet: She gave him a ringlet of her hair

starlet: She was a starlet who had small parts in films

'..ling' diminutive

gosling: Duckling is to duck as gosling to goose

nestling: The baby cuckoo is the only nestling left

seedling: An acorn becomes a seedling and then an oak

underling: I want the person in charge, not an underling!

yearling: A horse under two years old is a yearling

'..ule' diminutive

capsule: A capsule of medicine can be hard to swallow

globule: A globule of sweat ran down her forehead

granule: A granule of sugar makes a feast for a fly

minuscule: This tiny book has minuscule print

module: Astronauts used a module to land on the Moon

molecule: The least water you can get is a single molecule

schedule: The plane left late but landed on schedule

'..ck' as in back

back: My dog brings back his ball

duck: The duck gave a quack

kick: She ran up to kick the ball

lock: He keeps a lock on his bike

luck: We need luck to win today

pack: It's time to pack for our holiday!

pick: I pick apples from the tree

sack: A big sack will hold a lot

sick: I ate so much I was sick!

tick: A tick means yes

Investigations

'c..' soft or hard?

candle: She blew out every candle on her birthday cake

cell: Deep in the castle was a dark prison cell

cellar: Cold steps led down to a chilly cellar

centre: A centre is a middle point

cinder: A red-hot cinder scorched the rug

cinema: Our new cinema has ten screens

coast: Sandy shores run along this coast

collar: We put Rover's name-tag on his collar

curly: A pig has a curly tail

cycle: I'll cycle over on my new bike

'k' on its own

beak: A bird pecks with its beak

brisk: A brisk walk will keep you fit

like: I like jam better than butter

milk: I put some milk in my tea

park: He jogs in the park each day

tank: Fish swam in the tank

week: Seven days make a week

'k' or hard 'c' at start?

cage: A songbird longs to fly from its cage

camera: The mugger was caught on a hidden camera

coat: Her coat was warm and made of wool

coffee: Do you prefer coffee, tea or neither?

kennel: Our dog lives in his kennel in the yard

kick: She ran up to kick the ball

kind: You were kind to help me out

'ss' in words

admission: The museum charges for admission

assistant: The conjuror pretended to saw his assistant in two

cassette: A cassette is a handy way to buy music

goodness: An apple is full of goodness

hiss: The balloon went down with a hiss

impressive: The huge dinosaur left an impressive footprint

missile: A rocket weapon is called a missile

misspell: If you spell this word right you won't misspell it

necessary: If necessary we will send a replacement

pressure: Too much air pressure bursts a balloon

senseless: It is senseless to eat when you are not hungry

'v' or 'f' in plurals?

beliefs: She shared her parents beliefs in old wives tales

chefs: Some chefs won't share their cooking secrets

chiefs: The chiefs of the tribes all met together

loaves: Half a loaf is better than no loaves at all

roofs: Here the roofs of houses have red tiles

shelves: It's on the lower shelf of the shelves by the window

thieves: The thief knew where the other thieves went

wolves: One wolf is the leader of a pack of wolves

'wa' in words

always: The sun always rises in the east

awake: Unable to sleep, he lay awake all night

beware: The princess knew to beware of dragons

forward: Many cars have five forward gears

swat: He tried to swat the wasp with a newspaper

towards: We walked towards the distant hills

unwanted: The poor unwanted teddy was rescued by a dustman

water: I'll run the water for a bath

'wo' in words

awoke: I had found a fortune but when I awoke it was only a dream

plywood: Thick sheets of plywood filled broken windows

sword: The knight held a sharp and shining sword

swore: The witness swore to tell the truth

two: We have one nose but two eyes

wobble: I felt my tooth wobble before it came out

woman: A woman is an adult female person

women: Mothers are women with children

won: The girl who ran the fastest won the race

worship: To worship is to pay deep respect

More suffixes

'..able'

acceptable: Any shelter was acceptable in that storm

bookable: Seats are bookable in advance

breakable: Glass windows are usually breakable

drinkable: Water from streams is not usually drinkable

enjoyable: Treats are enjoyable

reasonable: No reasonable request will be refused

'..ible'

accessible: Secret files are not accessible to the public

collapsible: Inflatable dinghies are also collapsible!

digestible: Humans don't find grass a digestible food

incredible: No one believed Gulliver's incredible story

responsible: The manager is responsible for choosing the team

reversible: She wore her reversible jacket furry side out

sensible: I trust you to make a sensible decision

visible: Saturn is visible to the naked eye

'..ive'

active: An active dog needs lots of walks

attractive: Only warthogs find other warthogs attractive

defective: A defective machine does not work

defensive: A defensive moat guarded the castle walls

effective: Hedgehog's spines make an effective defence

expensive: A diamond necklace is an expensive gift

impressive: The huge dinosaur left an impressive footprint

'..sion' confuse > confusion

confusion: Mixed messages cause confusion

fusion: Their music is a fusion of jazz and rock

precision: He exactly positioned each tile with precision

profusion: The stalls spilled over with a profusion of goods

revision: The run-up to the exams is time for serious revision

tension: The nerve-racking wait caused mounting tension

'..sion' divide > division

conclusion: A conclusion is an ending

decision: Picking the right chocolate can be a difficult decision

division: Sharing things out is division

explosion: An explosion is a chemical reaction that runs out of control

invasion: An invasion is when an army enters a country with hostile intent

persuasion: Lengthy persuasion changed dad's mind at last

'..tion' elect > election

collection: I would like this stamp for my collection

connection: You plug in the cable to make a connection

election: She was elected MP at the last election

exhibition: Local artists held an exhibition of their work

invention: The wheel was an early invention

suggestion: He made a brilliant suggestion for increasing sales

Spoken in different ways

sounds of 'ea'

already: You can't have another sweet because you've already had one

area: The size of a surface is its area

beach: Blue seas lap this sandy beach

beautiful: The snow-covered mountain looked beautiful

bread: Fresh bread makes the best toast

cleaner: The classroom would be messy without our cleaner

idea: It is a good idea to get dressed before you go out

ocean: Whales dive deep in the ocean

reality: I nodded off and lost touch with reality

theatre: Inside the theatre, actors rehearsed on the stage

sounds of 'ear'

bear: Deep in the woods a grizzly bear growled

beard: His big bushy beard covered his tie

disappear: Soap powder makes dirt disappear

earth: From space the earth looks beautiful

endear: The baby's chuckle would endear her to Gran

linear: A straight line is linear

rehearse: Will you hear me rehearse my song?

search: A detective needs to search for clues

swear: In court we swear to tell the truth

wear: People wear shorts in the summer

sounds of 'ou'

adventurous: If you are not afraid of taking risks, you are adventurous

couple: Two of anything make a couple

double: The twins' dad called them double-trouble

ground: The ground felt firm beneath my feet

route: This map shows the shortest route from London to Liverpool

should: I should have trained then I would have won

shouted: He shouted for help at the top of his voice

wounded: An arrow wounded the stag as he fled

Sounds of 'ough'

although: He didn't cry although his hand hurt

bough: An owl sat on the bough of a tree

bought: I bought a short jacket from the market

cough: We cover our mouths when we cough

dough: You use dough to make pizza bases

drought: A drought is a time of no rain

enough: We have just enough milk for breakfast

nought: Write nought when there is nothing at all

plough: The oxen in the field pulled the plough

thorough: A thorough search leaves no stone unturned

through: Go through the gate to get in the field

sounds of 'our'

behaviour: The behaviour of chimps and humans is similar in many ways

colour: If everything was the same colour, life would be very dull

courtship: Giving flowers can be part of courtship

encourage: The crowd was singing to encourage the team

four: Chairs need four firm legs

fourteen: Ten plus four makes fourteen

hour: Sixty minutes make an hour

journey: It's a long journey from here to Timbuktu

Year 5 term 1

Appendix list 2 words

some nouns

baby: My aunt's baby is only four weeks old

balloon: I'd love to go up in a hot-air balloon

birthday: Your birthday marks the day you were born

brother: Sister and brother went home together

children: The child ran to join the other children outside

clothes: We wore our best clothes to the wedding

garden: My garden has both weeds and flowers

head: Please turn your head and look at me

word: Now here is a word I can spell

work: Nurses work in hospitals

world: The world is the planet on which we live

useful words 2

great: The gorilla is one of the great apes

happy: She is happy on her birthday

heard: I heard a great new song today

something: The box held something rather heavy

sure: Monday is sure to follow Sunday

swimming: He is swimming under the water

those: These apples are sweet but those are sour

Prefixes

'auto..'

autograph: An autograph is a signature

automatic: If something is automatic it works by itself

automobile: An automobile is a word for motor car

autopilot: The autopilot on a plane will fly the plane by itself

'bi.., bin..' twice

bicycle: Now she can ride her bicycle without stabilisers

binary: The binary system counts in twos

binoculars: You can use binoculars to see things far away

biscuit: The dog sat up and begged for a biscuit

'circum..'

circumference: The outside of a circle is its circumference

circumscribe: To circumscribe something is to put limits on it

circumstance: A circumstance affects something

circumvent: To circumvent something is to get round it

'tele..' far

telegram: A telegram is a message sent by telegraph

telepathy: Using only your mind to communicate is called telepathy

telephone: You speak over a distance with a telephone

telescope: A telescope magnifies distant objects

television: A television receives pictures from afar

'trans..'

transatlantic: Something over the Atlantic Ocean is transatlantic

transfer: To transfer is to move something from one place to another

transform: To transform is to change shape

translate: To put words into another language is to translate

transmit: To transmit a programme is to send it out on radio or TV

transparent: Something which can be seen through is transparent

transport: My bike is both transport and exercise

Rules for plurals

baby > babies

babies: Two babies yowl louder than one

cities: Our cities suffer from too much traffic

daisies: How many daisies make a daisy chain?

families: Many families go on holiday together

pennies: She saved her pennies until she made a pound

ponies: Lots of ponies entered the pony show

puppies: The smallest puppy joined the other puppies

stories: There are three great stories in this book

half > halves

halves: Football is a game of two halves

knives: Bring knives, forks, spoons and a bread knife

loaves: Half a loaf is better than no loaves at all

shelves: It's on the lower shelf of the shelves by the window

thieves: The thief knew where the other thieves went

wives: King Henry had six wives

wolves: One wolf is the leader of a pack of wolves

hero > heroes

cargoes: The ships carried cargoes of tea and spices

dominoes: A set of dominoes has twenty-eight tiles

echoes: Their voices made echoes inside the cavern

heroes: Our winning team came home heroes

potatoes: Chips are sliced and fried potatoes

tomatoes: Are tomatoes fruit or vegetables?

volcanoes: Mounts Etna and Vesuvius are volcanoes

irregular plurals

children: The child ran to join the other children outside

feet: She had no shoes on her feet

geese: This golden goose differs from ordinary geese

lice: Two lice are twice the price of a single louse

men: Two men helped the young man to safety

mice: The mouse had a family of baby mice

salmon: I saw two salmon leap up a waterfall

sheep: I counted sheep yet couldn't sleep

teeth: The tooth fairy didn't come for any of my teeth

women: Mothers are women with children

kilo > kilos

embryos: Unborn animals are known as embryos

kilos: How many kilos do you weigh?

photos: I have put my photos in this album

pianos: Two pianists played on separate pianos

radios: TV's are usually more expensive than radios

solos: The solos were sung by each singer in turn

videos: Video recorders are often called videos

kiss > kisses

boxes: I'll just pile this box on top of these boxes

brushes: She put her clean brush with the other brushes

coaches: Our coach was the first of the six coaches

kisses: Her letter ends with a row of kisses

matches: Lots of matches fit in a matchbox

monkey > monkeys

boys: All men were once boys

guys: The dummies made for bonfires are called guys

keys: Locks are opened with keys

monkeys: Playful monkeys were swinging by their tails

toys: The toyshop was piled high with toys

trays: The twins had breakfast in bed on trays

ways: There are lots of ways to play cards

Word roots, derivations, etc.

'..ly' loud > loudly

bravely: Firemen bravely fight fires

lonely: Crusoe was lonely on the desert island

loudly: A big voice boomed loudly through the room

lovely: It was a lovely day and the sun shone bright

only: I have only one sweet left

quietly: Tiptoe quietly in without a word

silently: He did not cry out but suffered silently

slowly: A slug slowly slithered across the path

suddenly: The door suddenly burst open

annus year

anniversary: A birthday is an anniversary

annual: An annual event happens once a year

annuity: A payment every year is called an annuity

biennial: A biennial event happens every two years

perennial: A perennial plant flowers for years

building similar words

climb: You must clamber over rocks to climb that slope

medicine: Medical help can include medicine

rehearse: Will you hear me rehearse my song?

sign: The signal was a sign they had heard us

two: A twin is one of two

cavus hollow

cave: A cave is an underground hollow

cavity: A hole in a tooth is a cavity

concave: A concave mirror curves inwards

excavate: The bulldozers rolled in to excavate the site

from mythical characters

atlas: An atlas is called after a man with the globe on his back

cereal: Ceres, Roman goddess of growing plants, leads to cereal

hygiene: The word hygiene is from Hygieia, Greek goddess of health

martial: A martial art like karate recalls Mars, Roman god of war

music: The Muses were Greek goddesses of the arts, hence music

panic: The god Pan was said to have the power to cause panic

titanic: A titanic struggle has the strength of Titans, early Greek gods

volcano: The volcano comes from Vulcan, Roman god of fire

from people's names

cardigans: Guess which earl issued cardigans to his regiment

diesel: Guess which engineer invented the diesel engine

sandwiches: Guess which earl ate sandwiches while playing cards

wellingtons: Guess which duke first wore wellingtons

from places

academy: Plato taught at Akademia in Athens, hence academy

canter: Pilgrims to Canterbury rode at a canter, an easy pace

currant: Corinth was the original source of the currant

denim: Cloth from Nimes was called 'de Nimes', now denim

indigo: The colour indigo suggests a dye from India

port: Strong wine from Oporto in Portugal is called port

swede: The swede is a turnip from Sweden

tangerine: The tangerine was shipped from the port of Tangiers

mittere, missum send

admission: The museum charges for admission

commission: Players pay their agent a commission

missile: A rocket weapon is called a missile

missionary: A missionary is sent to teach a faith

omission: It was a sad omission, leaving Eric out of the team

permission: To allow something is to give permission

transmission: A radio broadcast is a transmission

words with unusual histories

confetti: Small sweets called confetti were thrown at Italian weddings

diary: Roman soldiers' daily food 'diarium' was noted in a diary

omnibus: The omnibus, Latin 'for all', is usually known as bus

salary: A salary was a Roman soldier's salt allowance

tawdry: St. Audrey's Fair in Ely was known for cheap and tawdry goods

tennis: Servers in old tennis once shouted 'tenez' in warning

Words ending with vowels

'..a' as in banana

banana: Have you ever seen a straight banana?

camera: The mugger was caught on a hidden camera

cinema: Our new cinema has ten screens

cocoa: My bedtime drink is a mug of cocoa

saga: The saga of his voyage took ages to tell

umbrella: There is shelter for two under my umbrella

vanilla: My favourite ice cream is vanilla with a flake

zebra: A zebra crossing has black and white stripes

'..ea' as in idea

area: The size of a surface is its area

idea: It is a good idea to get dressed before you go out

nausea: The waltzers gave me an attack of nausea

panacea: A panacea is a cure for everything

rhea: A rhea is like an ostrich, but from South America

'..ee' as in coffee

chimpanzee: The chimpanzee is our closest animal relative

coffee: Do you prefer coffee, tea or neither?

committee: A committee meets to plan and decide things

degree: The temperature rose by one degree

guarantee: My watch has a ten-year guarantee

jubilee: Twenty-five years on, the school held its silver jubilee

pedigree: A pedigree dog belongs to a breed

toffee: The dentist says toffee is bad for my teeth

'..i' as in taxi

alibi: An alibi means being elsewhere at the time of a crime

fungi: Mushrooms and toadstools are fungi

graffiti: You often see graffiti sprayed on subway walls

hi-fi: This CD sounds great on our new hi-fi

macaroni: Do you like macaroni cheese?

safari: Which wild animals did you see on safari?

spaghetti: spaghetti is a pasta, Italian for bits of string

taxi: We took a taxi because there was no bus

'..o' as in potato

cargo: A supertanker carries a cargo of crude oil

echo: Shout and the cave will echo your voice

hero: Superman is the hero of all his adventures

photo: She kept his photo in a silver frame

potato: Do you prefer potato mashed or baked?

tomato: A tomato is a red fruit used as a vegetable

volcano: A volcano is a vent from which molten rock or steam is ejected

zero: The value of zero is nothing

'..oo' as in bamboo

bamboo: A stick of bamboo comes from a type of grass

cuckoo: The cuckoo lays her eggs in other birds' nests

hullabaloo: With such a hullabaloo their party was stopped

igloo: An igloo is a dome-shaped house of snow

shampoo: Babies cry when shampoo gets in their eyes

tattoo: A tattoo is a permanent picture on the skin

'..u' as in menu

caribou: The caribou is a North American reindeer

emu: The emu is like an ostrich but lives in Australia

flu: Getting flu is much worse than having a cold

gnu: The gnu and the wildebeest are the same animal

impromptu: An impromptu speech is unprepared

menu: We needed the menu to choose our food

tutu: The tutu is a short white dress for a ballerina

Year 5 term 2

Appendix list 2 words

some nouns 2

earth: From space the earth looks beautiful

eyes: Your eyes are for seeing

father: A father is somebody's dad

friends: Family, friends and neighbours all visit us at Christmas

lady: A wicked lord and his lady once lived at The Hall

money: All my money fell out of my purse

mother: A mum is a mother

paper: Someone had scribbled on every sheet of paper

sister: My sister has her own room

window: She gazed through the green glass window

useful words 4

important: It is important to look before crossing the road

light: I switched on the light as it became dark

own: I wish I had a pet of my very own

small: A small button fits a tiny hole

sound: No sound came from the silent house

white: Fresh snow looks white

whole: The egg was whole before he sat on it

why: Tell me why she is not here

Differing pronunciations

sounds of 'ea'

already: You can't have another sweet because you've already had one

area: The size of a surface is its area

beach: Blue seas lap this sandy beach

beautiful: The snow-covered mountain looked beautiful

bread: Fresh bread makes the best toast

cleaner: The classroom would be messy without our cleaner

idea: It is a good idea to get dressed before you go out

ocean: Whales dive deep in the ocean

reality: I nodded off and lost touch with reality

theatre: Inside the theatre, actors rehearsed on the stage

sounds of 'ear'

bear: Deep in the woods a grizzly bear growled

beard: His big bushy beard covered his tie

disappear: Soap powder makes dirt disappear

earth: From space the earth looks beautiful

endear: The baby's chuckle would endear her to Gran

linear: A straight line is linear

rehearse: Will you hear me rehearse my song?

search: A detective needs to search for clues

swear: In court we swear to tell the truth

wear: People wear shorts in the summer

sounds of 'oo'

balloon: I'd love to go up in a hot-air balloon

childhood: The old man's thoughts turned back to his childhood

cooperate: Let's cooperate and share the work

door: Knock on the door and go in

floor: Their wooden floor had no carpet

foolish: Don't I look foolish with this silly clown's nose?

shampoo: Babies cry when shampoo gets in their eyes

wooden: Cooks often use a wooden spoon

sounds of 'ou'

adventurous: If you are not afraid of taking risks, you are adventurous

couple: Two of anything make a couple

double: The twins' dad called them double-trouble

ground: The ground felt firm beneath my feet

route: This map shows the shortest route from London to Liverpool

should: I should have trained then I would have won

shouted: He shouted for help at the top of his voice

wounded: An arrow wounded the stag as he fled

Sounds of 'ough'

although: He didn't cry although his hand hurt

bough: An owl sat on the bough of a tree

bought: I bought a short jacket from the market

cough: We cover our mouths when we cough

dough: You use dough to make pizza bases

drought: A drought is a time of no rain

enough: We have just enough milk for breakfast

nought: Write nought when there is nothing at all

plough: The oxen in the field pulled the plough

thorough: A thorough search leaves no stone unturned

through: Go through the gate to get in the field

sounds of 'our'

behaviour: The behaviour of chimps and humans is similar in many ways

colour: If everything was the same colour, life would be very dull

courtship: Giving flowers can be part of courtship

encourage: The crowd was singing to encourage the team

four: Chairs need four firm legs

fourteen: Ten plus four makes fourteen

hour: Sixty minutes make an hour

journey: It's a long journey from here to Timbuktu

Homophones

3-way homophones

their: The kittens lost their mittens

there: We're standing here but the bus stops over there

they're: My parents think they're really cool.

to: I went to the fair

too: My two cats are too lazy to go out

two: We have one nose but two eyes

consonant phonemes

hole: The pirate dug a hole to hide his gold

knew: After just one lesson I knew how to skate

know: I know that tomorrow never comes!

new: I would like a new bike for my birthday

no: Shake your head for no

one: We have two eyes and one nose

right: Ticks mean all your sums are right

wear: People wear shorts in the summer

where: Just here is where I sit

whole: The egg was whole before he sat on it

won: The girl who ran the fastest won the race

write: I want to write him a letter

long phoneme 'ai'

grate: You can grate cheese with a grater

great: The gorilla is one of the great apes

rain: They all got wet in the rain

reign: Queen Victoria's reign lasted sixty-five years

rein: The rider led her horse by a rein

wait: We did not wait long for the bus

way: Can you tell me the way to town?

weigh: I had to weigh some flour for a cake-mix

weight: You must be strong to lift such a weight

long phoneme 'air'

bare: The leaves have fallen and the trees are bare

bear: Deep in the woods a grizzly bear growled

pair: He always wore a pair of trainers

pear: I could not bear to leave that pear unpicked

stair: Each stair creaked as she crept up to bed

stare: People would stare at a flying pig

their: The kittens lost their mittens

there: We're standing here but the bus stops over there

long phoneme 'ee'

flea: A flea is a tiny insect that feeds on blood

flee: The soldiers turned to flee from the enemy

meat: Butchers sell meat

meet: Let's meet up at seven under the clock

peace: The dove is a symbol of peace

piece: Would you like a piece of pie?

read: This book is good to read

reed: The roof was well thatched, each reed in its place

long phoneme 'oa'

loan: These library books are on loan

lone: One lone tree remained after the forest fire

road: The long road led to the hills

rowed: Six oarsmen rowed the boat to shore

sew: I would sew a new button on my coat if could

so: The car won't start so we must push it

long phoneme 'or'

board: The teacher wrote on the board

bored: I'm so bored with nothing to do

for: A pen is for writing

four: Chairs need four firm legs

saw: He looked up and saw the moon

sore: Her throat was so sore she could hardly speak

phoneme 'n'

knew: After just one lesson I knew how to skate

knight: The brave knight rode a black horse

knot: I tied the rope with a firm knot.

know: I know that tomorrow never comes!

new: I would like a new bike for my birthday

night: All that night the moon shone bright

no: Shake your head for no

not: I do not like being lost

phoneme 'r'

rap: Please rap my door loudly to wake me up

right: Ticks mean all your sums are right

ring: She has a ring on her finger

wrap: I must wrap his present neatly

wring: My wrists were too weak to wring out the cloth

write: I want to write him a letter

phoneme 's'

cereal: Ceres, Roman goddess of growing plants, leads to cereal

licence: A TV licence allows you to watch live programmes

license: The people at Swansea will license your car

practice: The choir needed a long practice before the performance

practise: You could sing like me if you practise hard

serial: A serial is a drama split into several episodes

spellings of '..ole'

bold: The brave man took another bold step

bowled: He bowled a ball and all the skittles fell

hold: The vet let me hold the dog in my arms

hole: The pirate dug a hole to hide his gold

holed: The wrecked ship was badly holed

sole: There's a hole in the sole of her shoe

soul: Your secret is safe; I won't tell a soul

whole: The egg was whole before he sat on it

vowel phonemes

peace: The dove is a symbol of peace

piece: Would you like a piece of pie?

some: Most birds can fly and some can swim

sum: This sum gets a tick

threw: She threw the ball for me to catch

through: Go through the gate to get in the field

wood: She wants some wood to build a boat

would: I would rather fly than walk

you're: I'm so pleased you're here!

your: Clap your hands if you like the show

Possessive pronouns

possessive pronouns

mine: What I own is mine and no-one else's

my: I eat the chips and lick my lips

our: We are five in our family

ours: They defend their goal while we defend ours

their: The kittens lost their mittens

theirs: We defend our goal while they defend theirs

your: Clap your hands if you like the show

yours: What you own is yours, not mine

Spelling patterns of consonants

'..ed' hop > hopped

grabbed: He threw the rope and she grabbed it

hopped: He hopped as far as he could in one jump

knitted: I'm wearing the jumper Gran knitted for me

nodded: She nodded her head to say yes

slammed: As he marched out he slammed the door

sunned: The cat sunned herself in the warm sun

'..ing' grin > grinning

grinning: She was grinning from ear to ear

panicking: She is panicking because she has not done the work

referring: I was referring to your brother, not you

travelling: I was travelling by train

'ce' as in cell

audience: The audience clapped as the play ended

cell: Deep in the castle was a dark prison cell

dance: Do try to dance in time to the music

force: The force of the gale made cars overturn

mice: The mouse had a family of baby mice

race: The fastest runner wins the race

service: Buses provide a useful service

space: Travel in space can go far beyond Earth

surface: The pond had ice on its surface

twice: Sing Happy Birthday twice for twins

'ci' as in city

acid: Vinegar has a sharp acid taste

cigarette: A cigarette is smaller than a cigar

cinder: A red-hot cinder scorched the rug

cinema: Our new cinema has ten screens

circus: The circus was held in a huge tent

citrus: Lemons, limes and oranges are citrus fruits

city: Tall buildings line the streets of a city

civil: Polite people give civil replies

civilian: The civilian wore jeans, the soldier a uniform

'ge' as in cage

angel: An angel is a heavenly messenger

cage: A songbird longs to fly from its cage

garage: Our car goes in the garage overnight

general: The general commands his army

hinge: The old door was hanging by a single hinge

huge: A shoe looks huge to an ant

orange: Cut an orange and juice spurts out

stage: The curtains parted to reveal the stage

strange: The message was strange and puzzling

'gi' as in giant

giant: Next to the giant she looks so small

gin: He asked the barman for a gin

ginger: Bits of ginger make a cake hot

magic: By magic her rags became a fine gown

origin: I know the origin of the rumour because I made it up

original: An original painting isn't a copy

rigid: Something is rigid if it is not flexible

red > redder > reddest

bigger: An elephant is bigger than a mouse

biggest: How big is the biggest turkey ever?

hotter: The fire is hot and it is getting hotter

hottest: How hot was the hottest day ever?

redder: As they ran their red faces turned redder

reddest: Poppies are the reddest flowers of all

Suffixes

'..ance'

allowance: I would like an allowance for buying clothes

appearance: Twins are often alike in appearance

attendance: School attendance is compulsory

clearance: The shop had a clearance sale before it closed down

disturbance: The low-flying aircraft caused a disturbance

performance: The play's first performance is tonight

'..ant'

hesitant: A baby's first steps are hesitant

ignorant: She was ignorant of the rules and committed a foul

important: It is important to look before crossing the road

significant: A fingerprint is a significant clue

triumphant: The winners came home triumphant

'..cian'

beautician: A beautician advised her on her make-up

electrician: An electrician re-wired the house

magician: The magician took a rabbit from his hat

musician: A musician may play many kinds of music

optician: The optician told me I needed glasses

politician: A politician is a person engaged in politics

'..ence'

difference: There is a difference between apples and pears

evidence: The burglar left little evidence behind him

presence: She never swore in her mother's presence

reference: Look up more details in a reference book

silence: The absence of sound is silence

'..ent'

absorbent: You mop up spills with an absorbent cloth

different: Apples are different from oranges

excellent: Ten out of ten is an excellent result

independent: An independent person is self-reliant

persistent: Her persistent coughing never stopped

urgent: I have an urgent message to go home at once

'..er'

builder: The builder built his own house

cleaner: The classroom would be messy without our cleaner

farmer: The farmer made hay for his animals

painter: A good painter takes care of her brushes

speaker: The speaker at the rally inspired many people

teacher: Our teacher needs lots of patience

worker: An ant is a very hard worker

'..ment'

advertisement: An advertisement tries to attract your attention

development: Space travel is a recent development

measurement: A measurement finds the size of something

movement: Lots of movement will keep you fit

payment: One more payment and the guitar is mine

treatment: Rest is a treatment for flu

'..or'

actor: A good actor can play many parts

decorator: I need a decorator to paper this room

director: Steven Spielberg is a famous director

editor: The editor decides what goes in the paper

narrator: The narrator is the one who tells the tale

sailor: A sailor is seldom sick at sea

sculptor: This stone statue is the work of a sculptor

visitor: I can't show you the way as I'm just a visitor

'..ous'

bulbous: Frogs have bulbous eyes

dangerous: It's dangerous to walk on thin ice

murderous: The monster attacked with murderous intent

poisonous: The death-cap is a poisonous toadstool

thunderous: Waves crashed ashore with a thunderous roar

Year 5 term 3

'i before e' rules

'cei' as in receive

ceiling: A single light hung down from the ceiling

conceited: You're conceited if you think you're better than us

conceive: They tried to conceive a plan for their escape

deceit: The old cheat lived a life of deceit

receipt: You get a receipt when you pay the bill

receive: Every winner will receive a prize

'i before e' exceptions

ancient: The ancient monument was built six hundred years ago

glacier: A glacier is a river of ice

height: The height measures the vertical extent of an object

leisure: The opposite of work is leisure

neighbour: I often pop next door to see my neighbour

neither: A jellyfish is neither crisp or crunchy

reindeer: In Lapland I saw reindeer pull a sleigh

science: Biology is the science of life

weight: You must be strong to lift such a weight

'ie' as in field

brief: A nap is a brief sleep

chief: Sitting Bull was a brave chief

field: She keeps her pony in this field

grief: She wept in grief

shield: His shield should protect him from arrows

shriek: His joke spider made Mum shriek

thief: A thief took all my cash

More prefixes

'il..' as negative

illegal: Something illegal is against the law

illegible: Writing which is impossible to read is illegible

illicit: If something is illicit it is not allowed

illogical: If something is against reason it is illogical

'im..' as negative

immature: The seedlings are too immature to plant outside

immortal: Would you like to be immortal and never die?

impatient: The crowd was impatient for kick-off

imperfect: Garments with a fault are sold as imperfect

impolite: He was far too kind to be impolite

impossible: Life on the sun could well be impossible

'in..' as negative

inactive: The old volcano has long been inactive

incredible: No one believed Gulliver's incredible story

indignity: What an indignity when his trousers fell down

inhuman: A cry rang out, unearthly and inhuman

insincere: An insincere person does not mean what they say

invalid: Unsigned cheques are invalid

'ir..' as negative

irrational: To be irrational is to think without reason

irregular: Something which is irregular is not in order

irrelevant: If something is irrelevant it is unrelated to the subject

irreplaceable: There is no substitute for something irreplaceable

irresistible: Something irresistible cannot be stopped

irresponsible: An irresponsible act is a careless act

irreversible: Something irreversible cannot be changed back

'pro..'

product: A product is something that is made

projector: A projector is used to put a film on the big screen

propose: I would like to propose some changes

protest: A letter of protest set out their complaints

provide: Flowers provide bees with nectar

'sus..'

suspect: A suspect is somebody under suspicion of wrongdoing

suspense: A built up state of waiting is called suspense

suspicious: To be suspicious is to have doubts about something

sustain: To sustain something is to keep it going

Noun to verb suffixes

'..en'

lengthen: Let down the cuffs to lengthen the sleeves

strengthen: I used weights to strengthen my muscles

'..ify'

beautify: To make something more beautiful is to beautify

glorify: To glorify is to praise something highly

mummify: Ancient Egyptians would mummify, or preserve, their dead

notify: You will receive a letter to notify you of the appointment

signify: A flag at half-mast will signify someone's death

solidify: To solidify is to turn into a solid state

'..ise'

fossilise: It took layers of sediment to fossilise the remains

idolise: To idolise a person is to think of them as an idol

itemise: To make lists of things is to itemise

legalise: To legalise is to make something legal

patronise: To patronise is to talk down to somebody

Prefixes of negation

'il..' as negative

illegal: Something illegal is against the law

illegible: Writing which is impossible to read is illegible

illicit: If something is illicit it is not allowed

illogical: If something is against reason it is illogical

'im..'

imbalance: An imbalance exists between rich and poor nations

immaculate: His crisp white shirt looked immaculate

immediate: A drowning man needs immediate help

immense: The extent of the sea is immense

immune: The immune system protects the body from infection

impede: Thick weed in the canal would impede our boat

'un..' as negative

uncertain: She felt uncertain which frog to kiss

unfair: It's unfair to give her a bigger cake

unfriendly: The unfriendly folk next door don't speak

unknown: His hideaway was unknown to the police

unsafe: That rickety chair is unsafe

untidy: Rubbish makes the place untidy

untrue: Her made-up tale was quite untrue

unwell: He felt so unwell he went to bed

'un..' as undoing actions

uncover: He pulled off the cloth to uncover the statue

undo: Do you undo your laces to take off your trainers?

unearth: The dog dug deep to unearth his bone

unload: They had to unload the boxes off the truck

untwist: You untwist the paper to get the toffee

unwrap: I tore the paper to unwrap my present

Rules for endings

'..ed' cry > cried

cried: Everyone cried at the weepy old film

dried: I dried the dog with my towel

fried: He fried his egg in the frying pan

hurried: They hurried to get to the match on time

married: The bride and groom have just got married

worried: I worried until my test results arrived

'..ely' safe > safely

bravely: Firemen bravely fight fires

closely: Watch closely and you'll miss nothing

lively: A lively person is cheerful and energetic

lonely: Crusoe was lonely on the desert island

lovely: It was a lovely day and the sun shone bright

nicely: This shelf fits nicely into this space

safely: Safety rules help us to do things safely

widely: Famous films are widely known

'..ful' care > careful

careful: She was careful to keep to the office routine

grateful: Thank you, I'm so grateful for your help

hopeful: I'm not sure of winning but I'm hopeful

peaceful: After the war, life became peaceful and calm

plateful: I'd like another spoonful, not another plateful!

tuneful: A blackbird has a tuneful song

useful: I never throw useful things away

wakeful: A night-watchman must remain wakeful

'..ing' care > caring

caring: I was caring for my cousin's cat

coming: Mother is coming to see us tomorrow

hoping: I'm hoping Mum won't be mad

moving: We're moving away next week

writing: The children were writing a letter home

'..s' cry > cries

carries: The waiter carries a tray of drinks

cries: My sister cries at weepy old films

dries: Hot air dries wet hair

hurries: Everyone hurries to get to the match in time

worries: My mum worries about me when I'm late home

'..ying, ..yly' cry > crying

carrying: I put on the coat I was carrying

crying: The baby was crying for his milk

gratifying: We all find praise very gratifying

shyly: The timid child shyly whispered his name

tidying: I can go out after tidying my room

Shortened words

contractions

could've: The short form of could have is could've

o'clock: Nine o'clock was once nine of the clock

shan't: The short form of shall not is shan't

shouldn't: The short form of should not is shouldn't

they'd: The short form of they had or they would is they'd

they're: My parents think they're really cool.

they've: The short form of they have is they've

from acronyms

laser: Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation is laser

nylon: Manufacture of nylon began in New York and LONdon

quango: Quasi-Autonomous Non-Governmental Organisation is quango

quasar: QUAsi-StellAr Radio source makes quasar

radar: RAdio Detecting And Ranging makes radar

scuba: Self-Contained Underwater Breathing Apparatus is scuba

sonar: SOund Navigation And Ranging makes sonar

yuppie: Young Upwardly-mobile Professional leads to yuppie

shortened words

exam: Which sounds worse, exam or examination?

fridge: It is easier to say fridge than refrigerator

navvy: The navvy was the 'navigator' who dug canal navigations

taxicab: A taxicab or cab was once a 'taximeter cabriolet'

telly: It is easier to say telly than television

zoo: A zoo was once called a zoological garden

Suffixes of comparison

'..ish' fool > foolish

babyish: Five-year-olds think four-year-olds are babyish

darkish: My hair's darkish brown, not black

fiendish: The angry demon gave a fiendish howl

foolish: Don't I look foolish with this silly clown's nose?

greenish: The sea was more greenish than blueish

outlandish: The band were notorious for their outlandish clothes

smallish: I'll just have a smallish piece of cake

easy > easier >easiest

easier: It is an easy walk but an easier ride by bus

easiest: The simplest work is often the easiest

funnier: Your jokes may be funny but mine are funnier

funniest: He was the funniest comedian in the show

happier: I am happier in jeans than in a suit

happiest: The happiest cat was the one who got the cream

healthier: Walking is healthier than driving

healthiest: Well-balanced meals are the healthiest

late > later > latest

fiercer: A cat is fiercer than a mouse

fiercest: A tiger is fiercest when defending her cubs

larger: As you grow up you need larger clothes

largest: Which animal has the largest feet?

simpler: A hut is simpler than a palace

simplest: The simplest ideas are often the best

whiter: Which detergent washes whiter than white?

whitest: The whitest shirt had no marks at all

old > older

deeper: If the North Sea is deep, the Atlantic is deeper

higher: Snowdon is high but Everest is higher

longer: His arms are long, but his legs are longer

older: That huge old oak is older than any of us

smaller: A mosquito is small but a midge is smaller

taller: Are you taller than your parents?

younger: A grandson is always much younger than his grandfather

old > oldest

deepest: How deep is the deepest ocean?

fastest: Who is the fastest runner of all?

highest: Which is the highest mountain?

longest: How long is the longest river?

oldest: How old is the oldest pyramid?

smallest: How small is the smallest house?

tallest: How tall is the tallest building?

youngest: How young was the youngest England footballer ever?

red > redder > reddest

bigger: An elephant is bigger than a mouse

biggest: How big is the biggest turkey ever?

hotter: The fire is hot and it is getting hotter

hottest: How hot was the hottest day ever?

redder: As they ran their red faces turned redder

reddest: Poppies are the reddest flowers of all

Tense-changing suffixes

'..ed' cry > cried

cried: Everyone cried at the weepy old film

dried: I dried the dog with my towel

fried: He fried his egg in the frying pan

hurried: They hurried to get to the match on time

married: The bride and groom have just got married

worried: I worried until my test results arrived

'..ed' date > dated

amused: We were amused by his witty cartoons

dared: No-one dared move for fear of rocking the boat

dated: She dated the letter at the top

droned: The dreary voice droned on and on

hoped: My birthday was as good as I had hoped

moved: New neighbours have moved in next door

'..ed' radio > radioed

echoed: Voices echoed through the empty cave

radioed: 'Mayday, Mayday' radioed the stranded ship

vetoed: The boss vetoed any plan he disapproved of

videoed: We videoed last night's film to watch tonight

'..ed' sounding as "d"

growled: The watch dog growled a low warning

poured: He poured the tea into two large mugs

rained: It rained all day and we were soaked

sailed: His ship sailed on the tide

showed: She opened the book and showed them the picture

teamed: The tennis players teamed up into pairs

'..ed' sounding as "ed"

crowded: We crowded into the tiny room

delighted: We were delighted to hear your good news

greeted: She greeted me with a hug

mended: She mended the puncture and rode away

painted: I painted the picture you see on the wall

shouted: He shouted for help at the top of his voice

waited: I waited for ages for him to turn up

wounded: An arrow wounded the stag as he fled

'..ed' sounding as "t"

asked: My mother asked thousands of questions

crashed: The runaway train crashed into the buffers

dressed: He dressed and came downstairs

jumped: He jumped into the lake

puffed: He huffed and he puffed and he blew the house down

reached: At long last they reached their journey's end

'..ing' rub > rubbing

digging: I'll dig where I was digging yesterday

getting: I'm getting too big for my clothes

hopping: If you try to run with one leg you are hopping

rubbing: Aladdin was rubbing the lamp to clean it

swimming: He is swimming under the water

'..ing' care > caring

caring: I was caring for my cousin's cat

coming: Mother is coming to see us tomorrow

hoping: I'm hoping Mum won't be mad

moving: We're moving away next week

writing: The children were writing a letter home

'..ing' grin > grinning

grinning: She was grinning from ear to ear

panicking: She is panicking because she has not done the work

referring: I was referring to your brother, not you

travelling: I was travelling by train

'..ing' visit > visiting

carpeting: I was carpeting the floor when I lost my mouse

happening: Darkness hid what was happening

limiting: I am limiting myself to one sweet a day

targeting: The girls were targeting water-pistols at the boys

visiting: I can't show you the way as I'm just visiting

'..ing' wait > waiting

carrying: I put on the coat I was carrying

dreaming: I'm dreaming of winning the lottery

going: We are going to the fair

standing: Your elephant is standing on my toe

waiting: I'll be waiting all day for the phone to ring

'..ing' with eye ..ie ..o ..oe

echoing: Their voices were echoing through the cavern

eyeing: A hungry boy was eyeing cakes in the window

hoeing: He was hoeing his garden to keep down weeds

lying: She was lying in bed till noon

radioing: The captain is radioing for help

shoeing: The blacksmith was shoeing the horse in the yard

tying: I am tying the parcel with string

vetoing: The boss says he is vetoing the plan

Unstressed vowels

'schwa' sound

carpet: A green carpet covered the floor

company: Come and keep me company on my walk

description: A description tells in detail what something is

extra: She missed the lesson and had to do extra work

freedom: An uncaged bird has freedom to fly

interesting: Your voyage to the Antarctic sounds very interesting

poisonous: The death-cap is a poisonous toadstool

portable: He takes his portable TV to bed

Verb to noun suffixes

'..age'

blockage: The leaves in the drain caused the blockage

coverage: The coverage of the news item was very thorough

leakage: The leakage from the gas pipe caused the explosion

passage: The passage to her house was very dark at night

postage: A stamp is there to pay the postage

wastage: There is wastage when some of the fruit is bad

'..ance'

allowance: I would like an allowance for buying clothes

appearance: Twins are often alike in appearance

attendance: School attendance is compulsory

clearance: The shop had a clearance sale before it closed down

disturbance: The low-flying aircraft caused a disturbance

performance: The play's first performance is tonight

'..ant'

assistant: The conjuror pretended to saw his assistant in two

attendant: An attendant cleans the toilets every hour

descendant: Prince Charles is a descendant of Queen Victoria

immigrant: The immigrant settled well into his new country

informant: An informant led the police to the stolen goods

inhabitant: The kangaroo is an inhabitant of Australia

servant: A soldier is the servant of his country

'..er'

builder: The builder built his own house

cleaner: The classroom would be messy without our cleaner

farmer: The farmer made hay for his animals

painter: A good painter takes care of her brushes

speaker: The speaker at the rally inspired many people

teacher: Our teacher needs lots of patience

worker: An ant is a very hard worker

'..ion'

collection: I would like this stamp for my collection

decoration: Let's put flowers on the table as decoration

discussion: We exchanged ideas in friendly discussion

election: She was elected MP at the last election

exhibition: Local artists held an exhibition of their work

invention: The wheel was an early invention

promotion: We're top of the league and so get promotion

revision: The run-up to the exams is time for serious revision

'..ism'

criticism: Informed opinions make useful criticism

hypnotism: To create a trance-like state is hypnotism

idealism: To believe in ideals is idealism

mechanism: A clockwork mouse has a complex mechanism

realism: Thinking and acting on the facts is realism

terrorism: The use of violence for political ends is terrorism

vandalism: The senseless destruction of things is vandalism

'..ment'

advertisement: An advertisement tries to attract your attention

development: Space travel is a recent development

measurement: A measurement finds the size of something

movement: Lots of movement will keep you fit

payment: One more payment and the guitar is mine

treatment: Rest is a treatment for flu

'..or'

actor: A good actor can play many parts

decorator: I need a decorator to paper this room

director: Steven Spielberg is a famous director

editor: The editor decides what goes in the paper

narrator: The narrator is the one who tells the tale

sailor: A sailor is seldom sick at sea

sculptor: This stone statue is the work of a sculptor

visitor: I can't show you the way as I'm just a visitor

Words from other languages

words from Arabic

alcohol: Beer, wines and spirits all contain alcohol

hazard: A hazard is a danger or risk

mattress: You will sleep better with a comfortable mattress

sofa: A sofa is a long and cosy seat with arms and back

words from Dutch

brandy: The spirit made from wine is called brandy

buoy: A buoy is a floating mark to guide shipping

easel: An artist supports his painting on an easel

skipper: The skipper is the man in charge of a boat

snoop: To pry into other people's business is to snoop

yacht: A yacht is a boat which is used for pleasure

words from French

bouquet: The bunch of flowers held by a bride is a bouquet

duvet: A duvet covers a bed to keep you warm

mayonnaise: Egg yolk, oil and vinegar make mayonnaise

meringue: Egg beaten with sugar and baked makes a meringue

queue: A long queue looks a bit like a tail

souvenir: A souvenir is an object to remind you of a place

words from Gaelic

bard: A bard would sing verses in praise of his chief

clan: A clan is an extended family group

slogan: An often-repeated phrase in commercials makes a slogan

whiskey: Irish or American whiskey is spelled like this

whisky: Scottish whisky is spelled like this

words from German

dachshund: Sausage dog is not the proper name for a dachshund

delicatessen: A delicatessen sells specialist foods

nickel: A nickel is a small American coin

poodle: The poodle is a dog with clipped curly hair

waltz: A waltz is a romantic ballroom dance

words from Hindi

bungalow: A single-storey house is called a bungalow

chutney: Fruit pickled with vinegar is called chutney

cot: The baby sleeps in her cot

shampoo: Babies cry when shampoo gets in their eyes

words from Italian

motto: Jack's motto was 'I'm all right'

piano: I can play 'chopsticks' on the piano

pizza: A pizza is made from dough and topping, baked in an oven

replica: A replica is an accurate copy

serenade: He stood outside her window and sang a serenade

spaghetti: spaghetti is a pasta, Italian for bits of string

studio: The artist had his studio in the attic

umbrella: There is shelter for two under my umbrella

words from Japanese

futon: A futon is a bed which can be made into a chair

karaoke: Singing pop songs to a backing track is karaoke

karate: The art of karate is a Japanese form of self-defence

tycoon: A tycoon is a high-powered businessman

words from North America

moccasin: A moccasin is a soft flat shoe

moose: A moose is a large North American deer

skunk: Beware the smelly spray of a scared skunk

tomahawk: A tomahawk is an axe that was used for fighting

totem: A totem is an object with symbolic value

words from Persian (Farsi)

bazaar: A bazaar is a group of market stalls

caravan: A caravan is a train of camels, or a mobile home

shawl: She wrapped a shawl round her shoulders for warmth

taffeta: A taffeta dress is made from thin glossy silk

words from Spanish

alligator: An alligator is a reptile related to the crocodile

canyon: A canyon is a steep-sided narrow valley

lasso: He threw his lasso round the neck of the bull

mosquito: The mosquito is an insect adapted for sucking blood

plaza: A plaza is a large town square or shopping centre

ranch: A ranch is a huge cattle farm of the American West

stampede: The stampede began when the cattle were startled

words from Turkish

coffee: In England, coffee is now drunk as much as tea

kiosk: A kiosk in the park sold ice creams

tulip: People visit Holland to see the tulip fields in spring

turban: A long piece of cloth is wrapped to make a turban

Year 6

Connectives

connectives

besides: He's a singer besides being a plumber

furthermore: I don't know and furthermore I don't care

however: I can dance; however, this dance is new to me

nevertheless: Although the Romans were strong, they nevertheless fell

notwithstanding: Birds can fly, notwithstanding wind, rain and storms

therefore: Birds can fly, therefore they are fliers

Roots, prefixes, suffixes

'bi.., bin..' twice

bicycle: Now she can ride her bicycle without stabilisers

binary: The binary system counts in twos

binoculars: You can use binoculars to see things far away

biscuit: The dog sat up and begged for a biscuit

'con..'

concern: Her mother felt concern for the tiny child

concert: The school choir gave a concert at the town hall

condemn: Don't condemn me until you hear me out

confront: I'll confront the reporters face to face

connect: You'll need to connect this hose to the tap

conquer: The general set out to conquer the rebels

contain: I counted to ten to contain my anger

continue: Roadworks can continue for ages

'du..' two

duel: The knight challenged him to a duel

duet: The two boys together sang a duet

duo: Everyone agreed the two singers made a great duo

duplicate: A photocopier will make a duplicate

'ex..' out of

excavate: The bulldozers rolled in to excavate the site

except: February has 28 days except in leap years

excluding: The price is two pounds excluding postage

excursion: Let's go on the excursion to the theme park

exit: You leave the building by the nearest exit

export: We export cars to many countries

extract: The dentist pulled hard to extract the tooth

'micro..' little

microphone: A microphone is used to pick up sound

microscope: A microscope magnifies close-up objects

microwave: A microwave oven uses extremely high frequency radio waves

'oct..' eight

octagon: An octagon is an eight-sided figure

octave: An octave is the set of musical notes

October: October the tenth month was the eighth Roman month

octopus: An octopus has eight legs

'per..' through

percolate: Rain will percolate through sandy soil

perforation: A stamp tears off at the perforation

perfume: This perfume smells of roses

permanent: The ink made a permanent mark on her shirt

permit: This permit will let me fish here

perspire: Posh people perspire but never sweat

pervade: Does the smell of cooking pervade the house?

'prim..' first

primary: Your first proper school is a primary school

primate: An ape is a primate

prime: A prime number cannot be divided

primitive: Something primitive is very simple

'sub..'

subdue: It's hard to subdue a crowd of noisy kids

subject: English is my favourite subject

submarine: A submarine travels below the waves

submerged: The submarine submerged below the waves

subside: They waited for the floods to subside

subtract: If you subtract three from five you get two

suburbs: She lives in the suburbs to the north of the city

'tele..' far

telegram: A telegram is a message sent by telegraph

telepathy: Using only your mind to communicate is called telepathy

telephone: You speak over a distance with a telephone

telescope: A telescope magnifies distant objects

television: A television receives pictures from afar

'tri..' three

tricycle: A tricycle has three wheels

trio: A trio is a group of three players

triple: To triple anything is to multiply it by three

tripod: A tripod is an object with three legs

aer air

aerobatics: Stunts in the air are called aerobatics

aerobics: Strenuous rhythmic exercises are called aerobics

aerodrome: An aerodrome is a small airfield

aerodynamic: Air flows easily over an aerodynamic shape

aeroplane: An aeroplane is a machine that flies

aqua water

aqualung: An aqualung lets you breathe underwater

aquamarine: An aquamarine is a blue-green gem

aquarium: An aquarium is a tank for fish

aqueduct: An aqueduct is a bridge carrying water

subaqua: A subaqua club is for diving

audire hear

audible: Bats' squeaks are not audible to human ears

audience: The audience clapped as the play ended

audiovisual: Both sound and images feature in audiovisual aids

audition: After the audition the director chose the cast for the play

cedere go

concede: The company should concede that it made an error

precede: The introduction should precede your speech

precedent: The judge broke the precedent by appearing wigless

recede: Rivers become wider if their banks recede

claudire close

conclude: To conclude is to decide as a result of information you have

exclude: This club will exclude anyone who causes trouble

include: I'll include a card with my gift

secluded: The cottage was so secluded it took ages to find

crederer believe

credible: His life-story was so amazing it was barely credible

credit: Your beautiful garden is a credit to your hard work

discredit: A faulty product is a discredit to its makers

incredible: No one believed Gulliver's incredible story

hydor water

dehydrated: If something is dried up it is dehydrated

hydraulic: A hydraulic motor is worked by fluid

hydrofoil: A hydrofoil is a craft that skims on water

hydrogen: The lightest element is hydrogen

hydrotherapy: Treatment by immersion in water is hydrotherapy

logos word

biology: The study of life is biology

dialogue: A conversation between two people is a dialogue

illogical: If something is against reason it is illogical

prologue: A prologue is spoken at the start of a play

technology: Applied science is called technology

photos light

photocopier: A photocopier uses light to make copies

photogenic: It is easy to take a good photo of a photogenic person.

photograph: Without a camera you cannot take a photograph

photon: A photon is a particle of light

photosynthesis: Plants use photosynthesis to obtain energy

telephoto: A telephoto lens makes a scene seem closer

portare carry

export: We export cars to many countries

import: We import bananas because they don't grow here

portable: He takes his portable TV to bed

report: A report carries information

support: That shelf won't support your weight

scopeein view

microscope: A microscope magnifies close-up objects

periscope: A periscope lets you look round corners

scope: The scope of something is its range

stethoscope: A stethoscope is to hear sounds from the chest

telescope: A telescope magnifies distant objects

scribere, scriptum write

description: A description tells in detail what something is

inscribe: Will you inscribe our names on the trophy?

nondescript: Something nondescript is unremarkable

postscript: A postscript follows the end of a play, book or letter

scribble: To scribble is to write untidily

scribe: A scribe wrote letters for a living

script: She wrote the script for the puppet play

Word origins & derivations

contractions

could've: The short form of could have is could've

o'clock: Nine o'clock was once nine of the clock

shan't: The short form of shall not is shan't

shouldn't: The short form of should not is shouldn't

they'd: The short form of they had or they would is they'd

they're: My parents think they're really cool.

they've: The short form of they have is they've

from acronyms

laser: Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation is laser

nylon: Manufacture of nylon began in New York and LONdon

quango: Quasi-Autonomous Non-Governmental Organisation is quango

quasar: QUAsi-StellAr Radio source makes quasar

radar: RAdio Detecting And Ranging makes radar

scuba: Self-Contained Underwater Breathing Apparatus is scuba

sonar: SOund Navigation And Ranging makes sonar

yuppie: Young Upwardly-mobile Professional leads to yuppie

from mythical characters

atlas: An atlas is called after a man with the globe on his back

cereal: Ceres, Roman goddess of growing plants, leads to cereal

hygiene: The word hygiene is from Hygieia, Greek goddess of health

martial: A martial art like karate recalls Mars, Roman god of war

music: The Muses were Greek goddesses of the arts, hence music

panic: The god Pan was said to have the power to cause panic

titanic: A titanic struggle has the strength of Titans, early Greek gods

volcano: The volcano comes from Vulcan, Roman god of fire

from people's names

cardigans: Guess which earl issued cardigans to his regiment

diesel: Guess which engineer invented the diesel engine

sandwiches: Guess which earl ate sandwiches while playing cards

wellingtons: Guess which duke first wore wellingtons

from places

academy: Plato taught at Akademia in Athens, hence academy

canter: Pilgrims to Canterbury rode at a canter, an easy pace

currant: Corinth was the original source of the currant

denim: Cloth from Nimes was called 'de Nimes', now denim

indigo: The colour indigo suggests a dye from India

port: Strong wine from Oporto in Portugal is called port

swede: The swede is a turnip from Sweden

tangerine: The tangerine was shipped from the port of Tangiers

shortened words

exam: Which sounds worse, exam or examination?

fridge: It is easier to say fridge than refrigerator

navvy: The navvy was the 'navigator' who dug canal navigations

taxicab: A taxicab or cab was once a 'taximeter cabriolet'

telly: It is easier to say telly than television

zoo: A zoo was once called a zoological garden

Appendix List 1 words

'Being and doing' words

being words 1

be: I want to be your friend

been: I've been to London to see the Queen

had: I did my work then had a rest

has: A cat has four legs

have: Let's stop and have a rest

were: Once upon a time there were three pigs

will: I will go even if it rains

being words 2

can't: A fish out of water can't swim

could: He said he could do magic

don't: Dinosaurs don't live here any more

may: He may be poor but he is kind

must: We must eat to stay alive

should: I should have trained then I would have won

would: I would rather fly than walk

doing words 1

came: My aunt came to see us last week

did: I did my work then had a rest

do: There are lots of things I like to do

got: We went in the rain and got wet

live: Home is where we live

made: At last the pills made him better

saw: He looked up and saw the moon

want: I want a drink when I'm thirsty

doing words 2

called: My dog is called Superdog

lived: Cavemen lived in caves

look: They all ran out to look at the snow

make: I like to make a fuss of my dog

put: She put the key into the lock

ran: She ran quickly to catch the bus

seen: What's the best film you've ever seen?

take: Please take a party bag as you go

doing words 3

dig: Let's go and dig for gold

help: Let me help you lift that box

jump: A frog can jump over a log

laugh: Clowns try to make us laugh

love: The princess fell in love with the frog

pull: You pull the ring to open the can

push: We had to push the car to make it start

'People' words

people words

her: She has a ring on her finger

him: I prod my brother to annoy him

our: We are five in our family

their: The kittens lost their mittens

them: I got some eggs and boiled them

us: Please give us our ball back

your: Clap your hands if you like the show

'When and where' words

when words 1

first: The first to get home is the winner

last: He fell over and came last in the race

next: If it's Sunday, Monday's next

once: There once was an ugly duckling

then: First bake the cake then eat it

when words 2

after: C comes after B in the ABC

again: It's nice to be back home again

just: She grabbed the glass just as it fell

now: Right now is the time to do it

where words 1

by: Please may I sit by the door?

down: The skittles all fell down

here: This spot right here is good for our picnic

there: We're standing here but the bus stops over there

with: My cat plays with string

where words 2

about: This story is about myself

from: Milk comes from cows

off: Humpty Dumpty fell off the wall

out: I fell out of bed and woke up

over: The cow jumped over the moon

Colours numbers days months

colour words

black: The night was black and all was dark

blue: When the sky is blue the sun shines too

brown: Grill any food and it turns brown

green: Grass is green

purple: The colour purple is like a mixture of blue and red

red: This box is red all over

white: Fresh snow looks white

yellow: Buttercups are yellow

days of the week

Friday: Friday is named after the goddess Frigga

Monday: Monday is named after the moon

Saturday: Saturday is called after the god Saturn

Sunday: Sunday is named after the sun

Thursday: Thursday is named after the god Thor

Tuesday: Tuesday is called after the god Tiw

Wednesday: Wednesday is named after the god Woden

months

April: April is the fourth month of the year

August: August is a holiday month in Europe

December: December is the twelfth month of the year

February: February is the second month of the year

January: The year starts on the first of January

July: The month of July is named after Julius Caesar

June: Summer begins in June

March: The month of March is named from Mars, god of war

May: May in Europe is a month of spring

November: November is the eleventh month of the year

October: October the tenth month was the eighth Roman month

September: September is the last month of summer in Europe

numbers 1 to 10

eight: A spider has eight legs

five: People have five toes on each foot

four: Chairs need four firm legs

nine: A cat is said to have nine lives

one: We have two eyes and one nose

seven: There are seven days in a week

six: An ant has six legs

ten: My toes add up to ten

three: A triangle has three sides

two: We have one nose but two eyes

numbers 11 to 20

eighteen: Eight and ten make eighteen

eleven: There are eleven players in a football team

fifteen: Five and ten make fifteen

fourteen: Ten plus four makes fourteen

nineteen: Nine and ten make nineteen

seventeen: Seven and ten make seventeen

sixteen: Six and ten make sixteen

thirteen: Three and ten make thirteen

twelve: A dozen is twelve of anything

twenty: Two men have twenty toes

Nouns (names of things)

nouns 1

ball: She kicked the ball into the net

home: We live at home

house: Their house has a blue door

name: My dog's name is Superdog

school: Children learn and play at school

tree: A tree needs deep roots

nouns 2

bed: I sleep in a big bed

door: Knock on the door and go in

night: All that night the moon shone bright

time: A tree takes a long time to grow

water: I'll run the water for a bath

way: Can you tell me the way to town?

Other lists

joining-up words

as: She went to the party dressed as a witch

because: We went indoors because of the rain

but: Birds can fly but cats can't

if: It would be magic if I could fly

or: We could go home or stay here

so: The car won't start so we must push it

than: I am taller than him

other frequent words

back: My dog brings back his ball

much: A lion is much bigger than a mouse

not: I do not like being lost

too: My two cats are too lazy to go out

very: An elephant is a very big animal

question words

how: Show me how a brown owl hoots

what: A hat is what you put on your head

when: A hen clucks when it lays an egg

where: Just here is where I sit

who: I wonder who is knocking at my door

Reception year words

being words

am: I am busy just now

are: Cats and dogs are animals

can: Birds can fly

is: A cat is an animal

was: There once was an ugly duckling

doing words

get: We will get wet in the rain

go: Rain, rain, go away

like: I like jam better than butter

said: Ben came in and said hello

went: Jack and Jill went up the hill

doing words 2

come: Will you come to my party?

going: We are going to the fair

look: They all ran out to look at the snow

play: Come and play ball with us

see: Owls can see in the dark

names

cat: My cat laps up milk

dad: A dad is a father

day: I play all day on holiday

dog: Our dog barks at cats

mum: A mum is a mother

other words

and: I like cats and dogs

it: He got his milk and drank it

of: I ate a bag of crisps

the: This is the house that Jack built

other words 2

away: I forgot to put my things away

big: She saw the giant's big foot

for: A pen is for writing

no: Shake your head for no

this: My pen is this pen here

yes: Nod your head for yes

people words

he: As Jack fell down he broke his crown

me: My name belongs to me

she: Jill hurt her hand when she fell

we: Shall we go in for our tea?

people words 2

all: The dog ate up all my dinner

my: I eat the chips and lick my lips

they: Shoes hurt when they pinch

you: Shut your eyes if you want a surprise

where words

at: I live at home

in: The cat is in her basket

on: She sat on the donkey

to: I went to the fair

up: Jack and Jill went up the hill

Words before nouns

words before nouns 1

an: I had a pear and an apple

one: We have two eyes and one nose

some: Most birds can fly and some can swim

that: Let's go this way, not that way

these: You like those shoes but I like these

three: A triangle has three sides

two: We have one nose but two eyes

words before nouns 2

another: I've a pen here and another one at home

good: A good dog sits when it's told

little: This little pig went to market

many: There are many fish in the sea

more: She ate lots but wanted more

old: This tree is a hundred years old

Appendix List 2 words

'Place' words

'place' words

above: You hold an umbrella above your head

across: He waved to us from across the river

along: A path runs along the riverbank

around: The pony trots around the ring

below: Fish swim below the waves

between: The ball must go between the posts to score

high: From high on the hill they saw for miles

inside: She's painting the house inside and out

'place' words 2

near: Sit near the front if you want a good view

outside: She's painting the house outside and in

round: All wheels are round

through: Go through the gate to get in the field

together: Bread and jam go well together

under: The river runs under the bridge

where: Just here is where I sit

'Time' words

'time' words

always: The sun always rises in the east

before: Unwrap a sweet before you eat

during: We're not at school during the holidays

never: We never sleep standing up

often: We walk more often than we swim

sometimes: The sky is sometimes red in the morning

suddenly: The door suddenly burst open

'time' words 2

first: The first to get home is the winner

morning: The sun comes up in the morning

second: The second follows the first

still: Keep still while I cut your hair!

today: The day before tomorrow is today

until: They waited until the bus came along

while: I played outside while Mum made supper

year: There are twelve months in a year

Nouns

some nouns

baby: My aunt's baby is only four weeks old

balloon: I'd love to go up in a hot-air balloon

birthday: Your birthday marks the day you were born

brother: Sister and brother went home together

children: The child ran to join the other children outside

clothes: We wore our best clothes to the wedding

garden: My garden has both weeds and flowers

head: Please turn your head and look at me

word: Now here is a word I can spell

work: Nurses work in hospitals

world: The world is the planet on which we live

some nouns 2

earth: From space the earth looks beautiful

eyes: Your eyes are for seeing

father: A father is somebody's dad

friends: Family, friends and neighbours all visit us at Christmas

lady: A wicked lord and his lady once lived at The Hall

money: All my money fell out of my purse

mother: A mum is a mother

paper: Someone had scribbled on every sheet of paper

sister: My sister has her own room

window: She gazed through the green glass window

Other useful words

useful words

almost: One mile to go and our train is almost there

any: Choose any number between one and ten

better: We played well but they played better

every: I have every record the group ever made

half: One is half of two

much: A lion is much bigger than a mouse

number: Nine is a number

only: I have only one sweet left

upon: Once upon a time there were three little pigs

young: A kitten is a young cat

useful words 2

great: The gorilla is one of the great apes

happy: She is happy on her birthday

heard: I heard a great new song today

something: The box held something rather heavy

sure: Monday is sure to follow Sunday

swimming: He is swimming under the water

those: These apples are sweet but those are sour

useful words 3

also: My bedroom is also my den

both: Bananas and pears are both fruit

different: Apples are different from oranges

following: There were floods following two weeks of heavy rain

other: Would you like this book or the other one?

place: A bookmark helps you find your place

right: Ticks mean all your sums are right

such: Your party was such good fun

without: A bike without wheels is no good at all

useful words 4

important: It is important to look before crossing the road

light: I switched on the light as it became dark

own: I wish I had a pet of my very own

small: A small button fits a tiny hole

sound: No sound came from the silent house

white: Fresh snow looks white

whole: The egg was whole before he sat on it

why: Tell me why she is not here

some useful verbs

began: I began to play the drums when I was six

being: Nobody likes being ill

coming: Mother is coming to see us tomorrow

does: She does judo on Monday after school

might: We think we might win

show: Let me show you my scar

told: Gulliver told the tale of his travels

walk: He went for a long walk

walking: Running is speeded-up walking

write: I want to write him a letter

some useful verbs 2

change: This tiny grub will change into a moth

found: I looked around and found a pound

heard: I heard a great new song today

leave: When I leave school I'm going to be a pop star

tries: A newborn foal tries to stand up

watch: I like to watch the news on TV

verbs, adding '..ed'

asked: My mother asked thousands of questions

jumped: He jumped into the lake

opened: He opened the window because it was hot

started: It started to rain as we left the house

stopped: He stopped and looked before crossing the road

turned: She turned to see what was behind her

used: He used a spade to dig a hole in the garden

walked: We walked for five hours without stopping

verbs, contractions

can't: A fish out of water can't swim

didn't: I didn't fall but the other skaters did

don't: Dinosaurs don't live here any more

I'm: The short form of I am is I'm

verbs, past and present

brought: Have you brought your trainers with you?

goes: He goes to bed when he's tired

gone: I miss my friend now she's gone away

knew: After just one lesson I knew how to skate

know: I know that tomorrow never comes!

think: I must think before I speak

thought: I thought about what you said and I still say no

woke: Dad woke Mum with a cup of tea

woken: I have woken up so I might as well get up