StarSpell 2.3 – Literacy Hour lists, with sentences
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Year 1 term 1
'cvc' in rhyming sets
'.ad' as in dad
dad:
A dad is a fatherlad: Here is my dad as a lad
sad: I feel sad to see you go
'.ag' as in bag
bag: Her bag holds a lot
rag: She wipes her paintbrush with a rag
wag: A happy dog will wag his tail
'.am' as in jam
jam: I like jam on bread
ram: The ram had big curly horns
'.an' as in pan
fan: A fan keeps me cool
man: Every man was once a boy
pan: I'll boil an egg in the pan
'.ap' as in tap
gap: My teeth have a gap at the front
nap: Sleepy people need a nap
tap: Water runs from a tap
'.at' as in cat
cat: My cat laps up milk
hat: He wore a woolly hat
rat: A rat has a very long tail
'.ed' as in bed
bed: I sleep in a big bed
fed: Cats often purr when they're fed
red: This box is red all over
'.eg' as in leg
leg: I can stand on one leg
peg: My coat hangs on a peg
'.en' as in hen
hen: My hen lays brown eggs
pen: She writes with a red pen
ten: My toes add up to ten
'.et' as in pet
net: We need a net to dip in the pond
pet: I have a spider for a pet
'.ig' as in pig
dig: Let's go and dig for gold
pig: The pig gave a grunt
'.in' as in pin
bin: I put the bag in the bin
pin: A pin is very sharp
tin: Mum opened a tin of beans
'.ip' as in lip
lip: I bit my lip
pip: An apple tree grows from a tiny pip
rip: Her new dress has a rip in it
'.it' as in bit
bit: This bit fits here
hit: My hammer hit the nail first time
sit: I want to sit in this comfy chair
'.ob' as in rob
job: His job is washing up
sob: It made her sob to lose her bear
'.og' as in dog
dog: Our dog barks at cats
fog: Its hard to see far in the fog
log: A log is a seat for a frog
'.ot' as in cot
cot: The baby sleeps in her cot
dot: My pet flea is hiding behind this dot
pot: I'll plant a bulb in this pot
'.ud' as in bud
bud: Soon the bud will be a flower
mud: I must get the mud off my boot
'cvc' non-rhyming sets
'a' as in cat
bad:
A bad egg smells horridbag: Her bag holds a lot
can: Birds can fly
cat: My cat laps up milk
had: I did my work then had a rest
hat: He wore a woolly hat
jam: I like jam on bread
man: Every man was once a boy
ran: She ran quickly to catch the bus
'ch' as in chin
chat: My mum likes to chat with her friends
chin: Every day he shaves his chin
'e' as in bed
bed: I sleep in a big bed
get: We will get wet in the rain
hen: My hen lays brown eggs
leg: I can stand on one leg
net: We need a net to dip in the pond
pen: She writes with a red pen
pet: I have a spider for a pet
red: This box is red all over
set: I have a new set of felt pens
yes: Nod your head for yes
'i' as in big
big: She saw the giant's big foot
bit: This bit fits here
hid: The squirrel hid its nuts
him: I prod my brother to annoy him
his: He held out his hand
lid: I put the lid back on the box
lip: I bit my lip
pig: The pig gave a grunt
six: An ant has six legs
win: Only one of you can win the prize
'o' as in dog
box: In this box there is a present
dog: Our dog barks at cats
fox: A fox hunts to eat
hot: Fire is hot
job: His job is washing up
lot: Her party was a lot of fun
not: I do not like being lost
pop: The balloon went pop!
top: The top of the jar got stuck
'sh' as in shop
ship: The ship sails out to sea
shop: Her shop sells toys
'th' as in thin
thin: A thin dog needs his food
thud: The spaceship landed with a thud
'th' as in this
that: Let's go this way, not that way
them: I got some eggs and boiled them
this: My pen is this pen here
'u' as in sun
bus: The big red bus goes to town
but: Birds can fly but cats can't
cup: Gran has a cup of tea with me
cut: She cut the bread
fun: Her party was a lot of fun
mug: I sip my mug of hot milk
mum: A mum is a mother
sum: This sum gets a tick
sun: Summer sun is hot
Year 1 term 2
ck, ff, ll, ss, ng endings
'..ck' as in back
back:
My dog brings back his ballduck: The duck gave a quack
kick: She ran up to kick the ball
lock: He keeps a lock on his bike
luck: We need luck to win today
pack: It's time to pack for our holiday!
pick: I pick apples from the tree
sack: A big sack will hold a lot
sick: I ate so much I was sick!
tick: A tick means yes
'..ff' as in puff
cuff: A button fell off my cuff
off: Humpty Dumpty fell off the wall
puff: A puff of wind blew Humpty off
'..ll' as in hill
bell: The bell rang for playtime
bill: We ate our food, then paid the bill
doll: This doll has long hair
fell: A boy fell off his bike
fill: Please take my cup and fill it up
hill: Up the hill we go!
pill: My magic pill cures everything
sell: They want to sell their car for cash
tell: Let me tell you a story
will: I will go even if it rains
'..ng' as in bang
bang: Bangers go bang
hang: The little monkey has to hang on
king: The king sat on his throne
long: Giraffes need long scarves
lungs: I fill my lungs with fresh air
ring: She has a ring on her finger
sing: Let 's sing a song together
song: The singer sang a sad song
wing: This bird has hurt its wing
'..ss' as in kiss
boss: Mum is the boss at home
fuss: He makes a fuss about his food
hiss: The balloon went down with a hiss
kiss: She gave him a big kiss
less: One is less than two
loss: The loss of her pet made her cry
mess: Her hair was such a mess
miss: I don't often miss the target
End consonant clusters
'..ct' as in act
act:
Who will act Buttons in our panto?fact: I am me and that's a fact
'..ft' as in lift
left: Turn left at the corner
lift: They rode to the top in the lift
loft: Dad put my old toys in the loft
soft: A kitten's fur is soft
tuft: He has only got one tuft of hair
'..ld' as in held
bold: The brave man took another bold step
cold: The snowman stood frozen out in the cold
fold: Your card will stand up if you fold it
gold: Wedding rings are made from gold
held: I held my pen in my hand
hold: The vet let me hold the dog in my arms
sold: Her little corner shop sold everything
'..lf' as in self
elf: Once it was said an elf made milk go sour
myself: When I look in a mirror I see myself
'..lk' as in sulk
bulk: My mum buys food in bulk
hulk: The divers swam up to a sunken hulk
milk: I put some milk in my tea
silk: A silk scarf is soft
sulk: She will sulk if she has no work
'..lp' as in help
gulp: With one big gulp the pill went down
help: Let me help you lift that box
yelp: A puppy will yelp if it's hurt
'..lt' as in belt
belt: A belt holds up my jeans
felt: She felt cold all winter
kilt: The Scotsman had a tartan kilt
melt: Snowmen melt in the sun
pelt: Children pelt each other with snowballs
'..lth' as in filth
filth: I fell in the pit and got covered in filth
grill: You grill food on barbecues
'..mp' as in bump
bump: I got a bump on the head when I fell
camp: Our camp had four big tents
damp: Her wet shoes made the carpet damp
imp: This little imp is up to no good
jump: A frog can jump over a log
lamp: The lamp gave a soft glow
limp: His bad leg made him limp
lump: I had a lump on my head from a fall
mumps: A painful neck may be mumps
pump: You fill up the car at the pump
'..nch' as in pinch
bench: I often sit on this bench in the sun
bunch: Grapes are picked by the bunch
finch: A finch just loves to eat seeds
hunch: I had a hunch our numbers would win
lunch: I eat my lunch at one o'clock
munch: My pony had an apple to munch
pinch: He put a pinch of salt on his egg
punch: He gave the ball a mighty punch
'..nd' as in bend
and: I like cats and dogs
bend: Drive carefully round a bend
end: At the end of the day I'm sleepy
hand: My hand is to hold things
land: After weeks at sea he saw land
lend: Please lend me some money
pond: Why has this pond got no ducks?
sand: There's so much sand at the seaside
send: I'd like to send her a birthday card
'..nk' as in bunk
bank: Money is kept in a bank
bunk: Tom slept in the top bunk
honk: Car horns go honk
pink: Roses are often pink
sink: His sink was full of washing-up
sunk: The ship had sunk to the seabed
tank: Fish swam in the tank
wink: A wink is a one-eyed blink
'..nt' as in ant
ant: An ant has six legs
bent: The shelf was bent
dent: The crash made a dent in my car
hunt: I had to hunt all over to find my socks
pant: A dog will pant when it is hot
sent: I sent her present in the post
tent: I'm going to sleep out in my tent
went: Jack and Jill went up the hill
'..pt' as in kept
kept: I kept a goldfish in a pond
wept: Tears came to her eyes and she wept
'..sk' as in desk
desk: I work best at my desk
dusk: Just before dark it is dusk
husk: The husk protects the nut
risk: You risk a fall sitting on that wall
rusk: Our baby likes to chew a rusk
tusk: An elephant tusk is long and white
'..sp' as in wisp
gasp: The surprise made her gasp
lisp: The baby spoke with a lisp
wisp: A wisp of hair fell in her eyes
'..st' as in best
best: I can tell my best friend anything
cost: A big meal out can cost a lot
just: She grabbed the glass just as it fell
list: I made a list of my friends
must: We must eat to stay alive
nest: Four eggs rest in a nest
rest: He had to rest after running so far
test: My sister had her driving test
west: A west wind is a wet wind
'..tch' as in catch
catch: He ran to catch the ball
hutch: They made a hutch for their baby rabbit
kitchen: Dad was in the kitchen cooking dinner
match: She lit the candle with a match
pitch: The team ran onto the pitch
scratch: The pin made a scratch on her hand
stretch: As I wake up I stretch my arms
switch: We switch on the light at night
witch: In flew the witch on her big black broom
'..xt' as in next
next: If it's Sunday, Monday's next
text: A line of text came under the picture
Initial consonant clusters
'bl..' as in blot
black:
The night was black and all was darkblank: The screen went blank
blend: You blend the eggs with flour and milk
blink: Eyes blink all the time
blob: A blob of jam fell on the cloth
block: A block of wood held back the door
blot: Drip some paint and make a blot
blunt: A blunt knife never cuts well
'br..' as in brick
brag: Winners sometimes show off and brag
bran: When flour is made, bran is left
brand: Which brand of beans is best?
brick: Here's a brick to start a wall
brim: My glass is full up to the brim
bring: Postmen bring the post
brisk: A brisk walk will keep you fit
'cl..' as in clap
clamp: He held the wood in a clamp
clang: The bell went clang
click: The switch goes on with a click.
cliff: Do not go to the edge of the cliff.
cling: A baby will cling to its mother.
clock: The clock strikes three
clog: A wooden shoe is called a clog.
club: The giant had a big club
clump: A clump of reeds grows by the pond.
'cr..' as in crisp
crab: A crab hid in a rocky pool
crack: The egg began to crack open
cramp: The swimmer left the pool with cramp
cress: You can grow cress on wet paper
cricket: You need a bat and ball for cricket
crisp: You can have the last crisp in the packet
crop: Sun makes a crop of corn grow tall
cross: Just one sum had a cross and was wrong
crust: Who wants the crust off this new loaf?
'dr..' as in drum
drag: He had to drag the boat out of the water
dragon: The dragon gave a fiery hiccup
dress: She wore her new dress to the party
drift: Let the boat drift down the river
drill: His drill made a hole in the wall
drink: A fizzy drink tickles your nose
drip: Don't let water drip on the carpet
drop: A drop of rain fell on my hat
drum: We dance as he bangs his drum
'dw..' as in dwell
dwell: Snow-White used to dwell in a house in the woods
'fl..' as in flat
flag: The flag flaps in the wind.
flan: Fill a flan with fruit and jelly
flap: This flap is for the cat
flat: She fell flat on her back
fling: Just fling your coat on the floor
flop: Her first song was a flop.
fluff: There is fluff in the dusty corner
'fr..' as in frog
fret: I did fret when my cat was lost
frill: Her dress was edged with a frill
frock: Gran says frock instead of dress
frog: A frog sits by a pond
from: Milk comes from cows
frond: A frond of weed hid the crab
frost: There is frost on the window
'gl..' as in glad
glad: I'm glad you can come to my party
glen: A glen is a Scottish valley
glint: They saw the glint of gold in the rocks
gloss: Polish gives a gloss to wood
glum: The bad news made her glum
'gr..' as in grin
grand: The king was very grand
grill: You grill food on barbecues
grin: She gave a happy grin
grip: You need a good grip on your bat
grit: A frosty path needs grit
grub: A grub in your apple is bad news
gruff: The man had a gruff voice
grunt: The pig gave a grunt
'pl..' as in plug
plan: This is the plan of the house
planet: Was there once life on the planet Mars?
plank: A plank of wood can make a shelf
plastic: A plastic flower has no smell
plug: A plug keeps water in a sink
plum: I hope this plum is sweet
plump: The rabbit was plump and round
plus: Two plus two makes four
'pr..' as in pram
pram: We took our baby out in the pram
prank: A prank is a silly trick
present: I want to open my present now
press: A bell will ring if you press this button
print: My work is neat when I print it
prison: All prison gates have locks
prod: Mum woke me with a prod in the ribs
prong: One prong of my fork is bent
prop: A prop holds up this washing-line
'sc..' as in scan
scab: His fall has left a scab on his knee
scalp: Not one hair grew on his scalp
scan: An X-ray scan can see inside us
scoff: Jim would scoff his chips in no time.
scum: Green scum lies on top of the pond
'scr..' as in scrub
scrap: Old tin cans end up as scrap
scrimp: The poor man had to scrimp on food
script: She wrote the script for the puppet play
scrub: Muddy floors need a good scrub
scruff: I look like a scruff when I get up
scrum: The players got into a scrum
'shr' as in shred
shred: She tore a shred of paper from her notebook
shrill: The whistle blew a shrill note
shrimp: The shrimp was alone in a seaside pool
shrink: Some jumpers shrink in the wash
shrub: I will plant the shrub by the other bushes
shrug: A shrug of his shoulders said he didn't care
'sk..' as in skin
skid: Mud makes cars skid
skill: You need skill to dribble a ball
skim: Let's skim stones across the pond
skin: You need skin to keep your body in
skip: She likes to skip with her new rope
skull: Your skull protects your brain
'sl..' as in slug
slack: Loosen your belt to make it slack
slam: The wind made the door slam
slap: A slap on the hand hurts
slept: Baby slept in a cot
sling: His arm was in a sling
slip: A banana skin made him slip
slit: She cut a slit in the cloth
slot: Put your coin in the slot
slug: A slimy slug slid slowly past
'sm..' as in smug
smack: A smack on the hand hurts
smell: Come and smell this flower
smock: I put on a smock when I paint
smug: She looked so smug when she won
smut: He cleaned a smut of dirt off the window
'sn..' as in snap
snack: I have a snack if I'm hungry
snag: His clever plan went without a snag
snap: My pencil broke with a snap
sniff: Take a sniff and smell this flower
snip: I will just snip the paper in two
snob: A snob thinks he is better than us
snub: It feels like a snub to be left out
snug: The cat is snug beside the fire
'sp..' as in spit
span: We made a bridge to span the stream
speck: A speck of dust went in my eye
spell: A spell turns the pumpkin into a coach
spend: I spend too much on sweets
spill: Be careful not to spill the ink
spin: When I spin round I get dizzy
spit: An angry cat will spit
spots: She had spots when she was ill
'spl..' sa in split
splat: The paint fell with a splat
splendid: You have done some splendid work
splint: They put a splint on his broken leg
split: The plank was split in two
'spr..' as in spring
sprang: I opened the box and out sprang Jack
sprat: A little sprat swam out at sea
sprig: He drew a sprig of holly on his card
spring: A Jack-in-a-box needs a spring
sprint: He won the hundred-metre sprint
'squ..' as in squib
squelch: Feet go squelch in the mud
squib: A squib is a noisy firework
squint: Sudden bright light makes you squint
'st..' as in step
stamp: Every letter needs a stamp
stand: We saw the match from the stand
step: She fell from the top step of the stairs
stick: This stick is for the campfire
stiff: A stiff knee is hard to bend
still: Keep still while I cut your hair!
sting: A wasp will sting if it is angry
stop: Cars must stop at red lights
stuck: Jam was stuck all over his face
stunt: His best stunt was jumping over two cars
'str..' as in string
strand: A strand of hair was all he had
strap: My case was held shut with a strap
string: My kitten loves a ball of string
strong: This man is so strong he can lift a tonne
struck: The clock struck twelve
'sw..' as in swim
swam: Today I swam in the sea
swank: He likes to swank about his cars
swell: Hot air made the balloon swell out
swift: You must be swift to win a race
swig: He took a swig from the bottle
swill: Water will swill the mess away
swim: I can swim across the pool
swing: Push me high on my swing
'thr' as in thrill
thread: The thread slips through the needle's eye
threat: I see a threat of rain in those dark clouds
three: A triangle has three sides
thrill: Winning gave her such a thrill
throat: He shouted till his throat grew sore
throb: Loud music makes my head throb
throng: A throng packed the ground for the match
thrush: A thrush sang outside my window
'tr..' as in trip
track: A train runs on a track
traffic: Too much traffic blocks the roads
tramp: A tramp has no home
trick: It was a silly trick to hide his pen
trim: His hair needs a trim
trip: Our trip to the zoo was fun
trot: The horse set off at a trot
truck: The truck carried a load of bricks
trunk: A trunk is a very long nose
'tw..' as in twig
twang: Strings on a guitar go twang
twig: Leaves grow from each twig of a tree
twin: A twin is one of two
twist: You'll have to twist the cap off the jar
Plurals with 's'
more plurals
chips:
Fish and chips taste very goodducks: Let's go feed the ducks
hands: Clap your hands
wings: If I had wings I could fly
short vowels, plurals
beds: Our family needs four beds
cubs: The fox cubs play by their mother
dots: Try to make a pattern of dots
jugs: The four jugs were full of milk
legs: Long legs are good for running
nets: By the boat were four nets
pans: Now I must wash the pans
pins: Her dress was held up with pins
rats: There were rats in the old house
Year 1 term 3
Long phoneme 'ai'
'a-e' as in name
cake:
I love cake with jam in itflame: A flame shot up from the fire
game: Can we play a game?
late: The bus was late today
made: At last the pills made him better
same: These two dogs are the same size
scales: Let's weigh these apples on the scales
scrape: I'll scrape the mud off my shoes
'ai' as in train
aim: You need a good aim to play darts
brain: I use my brain to think things out
nail: One more nail should fix this shelf
paint: She took her brush and began to paint
rain: They all got wet in the rain
snail: The snail left a silver trail
train: Our train leaves the station at ten.
wait: We did not wait long for the bus
'ay' as in play
away: I forgot to put my things away
crayon: He drew a tree with his crayon
day: I play all day on holiday
play: Come and play ball with us
say: A chatterbox has lots to say
spray: This spray kills fleas
stay: He had to stay in when he was ill
tray: She took the cups away on a tray
way: Can you tell me the way to town?
Mixed 'ai' phonemes
cake: I love cake with jam in it
flame: A flame shot up from the fire
paint: She took her brush and began to paint
play: Come and play ball with us
scrape: I'll scrape the mud off my shoes
snail: The snail left a silver trail
spray: This spray kills fleas
train: Our train leaves the station at ten.
tray: She took the cups away on a tray
'ea' as in seat
beach: Blue seas lap this sandy beach
beak: A bird pecks with its beak
heat: Fire gives off heat
meal: Beans on toast is a simple meal
seat: I gave up my seat to the old man
steam: Water gives off steam as it boils
stream: A river starts as a stream
team: She plays football in our team
'ee' as in feet
feel: I feel cold in the snow
feet: She had no shoes on her feet
green: Grass is green
need: We all need food
screen: I like a TV with a big screen
sleep: After his walk my dog goes to sleep
speed: He ran for help at top speed
street: The bus to town stops down the street
sweet: I wish I had a sweet to suck
tree: A tree needs deep roots
Long phoneme 'ee'
Mixed 'ee' phonemes
feel:
I feel cold in the snowmeal: Beans on toast is a simple meal
speed: He ran for help at top speed
steam: Water gives off steam as it boils
stream: A river starts as a stream
street: The bus to town stops down the street
sweet: I wish I had a sweet to suck
team: She plays football in our team
Long phoneme 'ie' (as in lie)
'i' as in kind
blind:
Guide dogs help the blind get aroundfind: I must find my lost purse
grind: Mills grind corn to flour
kind: You were kind to help me out
mind: In my own mind I think I'm right
rind: Orange rind goes into marmalade
'i' as in wild
child: The child skipped along with a toy
mild: It was mild and sunny that spring
wild: Flowers grew wild in the meadow
'i-e' as in bite
bike: She rides her bike downhill
crime: His last crime was to take a tiger
kite: Fly your kite on a windy day
line: This work has a line through it
mile: From here to home is just a mile.
prize: The winner gets a brilliant prize
size: The twins are the same size
slide: The boy slid down the yellow slide
wide: The river was too wide to jump
'ie' as in lie
die: Plants die with no water
lie: I'll lie on my bed and take a nap
pie: Would you like a piece of pie?
tie: His tie has blue stripes
'igh' as in high
high: From high on the hill they saw for miles
night: All that night the moon shone bright
right: Ticks mean all your sums are right
sigh: With a sad sigh she said goodbye
thigh: Your thigh is your leg from hip to knee
tight: These tight shoes pinch my toes
'y' as in fly
by: Please may I sit by the door?
cry: Sad news made her cry
dry: Boots keep my feet dry
fly: The fly fell in the jam
fry: She began to fry the eggs
sky: Birds fly up in the sky
try: I can be good if I try hard
Mixed 'ie' phonemes
blind: Guide dogs help the blind get around
crime: His last crime was to take a tiger
kind: You were kind to help me out
pie: Would you like a piece of pie?
slide: The boy slid down the yellow slide
thigh: Your thigh is your leg from hip to knee
tight: These tight shoes pinch my toes
try: I can be good if I try hard
wild: Flowers grew wild in the meadow
'o' as in bold
bold: The brave man took another bold step
cold: The snowman stood frozen out in the cold
fold: Your card will stand up if you fold it
gold: Wedding rings are made from gold
hold: The vet let me hold the dog in my arms
old: This tree is a hundred years old
sold: Her little corner shop sold everything
told: Gulliver told the tale of his travels
Year 2 term 1
Long phoneme 'oa'
'o-e' as in pole
hole:
The pirate dug a hole to hide his goldhome: We live at home
hope: I hope to be rich one day and happy
note: Each note she sang was soft
pole: He used a long pole to push out the boat
rose: She picked a rose and pricked her finger
stone: You could trip over that stone
stroke: It is quite safe to stroke my dog
woke: Dad woke Mum with a cup of tea
'oa' as in boat
boat: Our boat sailed on the stormy sea
coach: We went to London by coach instead of by train
coal: A hot coal fell from the open fire
coast: Sandy shores run along this coast
coat: Her coat was warm and made of wool
float: He put a float on his fishing-line
foam: Too much soap makes too much foam
loaf: I like a crusty loaf of bread
road: The long road led to the hills
soap: A bar of soap is for washing
'ow' as in show
flow: They watched the river flow smoothly by
grow: Eating your greens will help you grow
show: Let me show you my scar
slow: Slugs and snails are very slow
throw: How far can you throw a ball?
window: She gazed through the green glass window
yellow: Buttercups are yellow
Mixed 'oa' phonemes
coach: We went to London by coach instead of by train
coal: A hot coal fell from the open fire
coast: Sandy shores run along this coast
float: He put a float on his fishing-line
grow: Eating your greens will help you grow
hope: I hope to be rich one day and happy
stone: You could trip over that stone
stroke: It is quite safe to stroke my dog
throw: How far can you throw a ball?
told: Gulliver told the tale of his travels
Long phoneme 'oo'
'ew' as in flew
chew:
My dog likes to chew bonescrew: Four fine men were the crew of the ship
drew: He drew a picture of a flower
flew: A bee flew past his nose
grew: He grew prize-winning pumpkins
screw: You turn a screw to tighten it
threw: She threw the ball for me to catch
'oo' as in moon
boot: He left his boot stuck in the mud
cool: A fan will help you to keep cool
food: The boy soon ate up all his food
moon: A silver moon lit up the sky
pool: Come and swim in my pool
proof: The photo was proof he was there
smooth: Her velvet dress was smooth and soft
soon: Bedtime comes too soon
spoon: You need a spoon to eat soup from a bowl
tooth: I bit too hard and hurt my tooth
'u-e' as in rude
brute: The brute had fangs and claws
crude: A saucepan makes a crude drum
flute: You blow across a flute to play it
June: Summer begins in June
plume: Her hat had a plume of feathers
rude: It is rude to stare
rule: Just rule a line across the page
'ue' as in blue
blue: When the sky is blue the sun shines too
clue: There was no clue to the theft
glue: My brush got stuck in the glue
true: A lie can never be true
Mixed 'oo' phonemes
blue: When the sky is blue the sun shines too
brute: The brute had fangs and claws
crude: A saucepan makes a crude drum
grew: He grew prize-winning pumpkins
smooth: Her velvet dress was smooth and soft
threw: She threw the ball for me to catch
tooth: I bit too hard and hurt my tooth
true: A lie can never be true
Verbs with 'ed'
'..ed' aim > aimed
aimed:
Placing the ball, he aimed at the netfooled: That trick really fooled us!
moaned: They moaned and groaned at the extra work
played: We played football and cricket
rained: It rained all day and we were soaked
sailed: His ship sailed on the tide
teamed: The tennis players teamed up into pairs
'..ed' jump > jumped
asked: My mother asked thousands of questions
crashed: The runaway train crashed into the buffers
dressed: He dressed and came downstairs
jumped: He jumped into the lake
limped: He limped along when he hurt his toe
milked: Each day she milked the cows
puffed: He huffed and he puffed and he blew the house down
reached: At long last they reached their journey's end
'..ed' rest > rested
lifted: He lifted me over the fence
melted: The snow has melted in the sun
mended: She mended the puncture and rode away
painted: I painted the picture you see on the wall
rested: We rested for a while after work
waited: I waited for ages for him to turn up
Verbs with 'ing'
'..ing' wait > waiting
carrying:
I put on the coat I was carryingdreaming: I'm dreaming of winning the lottery
going: We are going to the fair
standing: Your elephant is standing on my toe
waiting: I'll be waiting all day for the phone to ring
'ar' phoneme
'ar' as in car
dark:
The sky was dark that nightfarm: Ben grew corn on his farm
garden: My garden has both weeds and flowers
hard: A snail finds it hard to jump
march: The men had to march in time
market: Things are cheap in the market
park: He jogs in the park each day
spark: One stray spark started the forest fire
star: The sheriff has a star as his badge
start: She turned the key to start the car
'ow' (as in cow) phoneme
'ou' as in cloud
cloud:
A small cloud hid the suncount: I count to ten before I speak
ground: The ground felt firm beneath my feet
loud: Some of us like loud music
mouth: His mouth was open to speak
out: I fell out of bed and woke up
round: All wheels are round
sound: No sound came from the silent house
south: Go south for sunshine
'ow' as in cow
brown: Grill any food and it turns brown
clown: The clown acted the fool
cow: Daisy was a cow who mooed all day
crowd: The crowd packed the stands for the match
growl: The dog gave a growl to warn us off
now: Right now is the time to do it
prowl: My cat goes out to prowl the streets
rowdy: Those rowdy children make too much noise
vow: He made a vow to kill the dragon
Mixed 'ow' phonemes
cloud: A small cloud hid the sun
crowd: The crowd packed the stands for the match
ground: The ground felt firm beneath my feet
growl: The dog gave a growl to warn us off
mouth: His mouth was open to speak
now: Right now is the time to do it
prowl: My cat goes out to prowl the streets
sound: No sound came from the silent house
'oy' phoneme
'oi' as in boil
boil:
The kettle came to the boilcoin: Let's toss a coin for who goes first
joint: Your elbow makes a joint in your arm
moist: Her hair was moist from the rain
noisy: Their stereo is too noisy
oil: An engine runs well with oil
point: It's rude to point a finger
poison: Never drink poison
soil: Seeds need good soil
toilet: Wooden toilet seats are warmer
'oy' as in toy
annoy: It does annoy me when I miss the bus
boy: Every man was once a boy
convoy: The line of ships was sailing in convoy
destroy: You can destroy weeds by pulling them up
employ: A busy firm must employ more workers
enjoy: We all enjoy a tasty meal
loyal: His loyal dog was a friend for life
royal: The royal coach is for the queen
toy: The child sat playing with a toy
Mixed 'oy' phonemes
annoy: It does annoy me when I miss the bus
boil: The kettle came to the boil
employ: A busy firm must employ more workers
joint: Your elbow makes a joint in your arm
loyal: His loyal dog was a friend for life
poison: Never drink poison
royal: The royal coach is for the queen
soil: Seeds need good soil
toilet: Wooden toilet seats are warmer
Endings, 's', 'ed', 'ing'
'..ed' aim > aimed
aimed:
Placing the ball, he aimed at the netfooled: That trick really fooled us!
moaned: They moaned and groaned at the extra work
played: We played football and cricket
rained: It rained all day and we were soaked
sailed: His ship sailed on the tide
teamed: The tennis players teamed up into pairs
'..ed' jump > jumped
asked: My mother asked thousands of questions
crashed: The runaway train crashed into the buffers
dressed: He dressed and came downstairs
jumped: He jumped into the lake
limped: He limped along when he hurt his toe
milked: Each day she milked the cows
puffed: He huffed and he puffed and he blew the house down
reached: At long last they reached their journey's end
'..ed' rest > rested
lifted: He lifted me over the fence
melted: The snow has melted in the sun
mended: She mended the puncture and rode away
painted: I painted the picture you see on the wall
rested: We rested for a while after work
waited: I waited for ages for him to turn up
'..ing' wait > waiting
carrying: I put on the coat I was carrying
dreaming: I'm dreaming of winning the lottery
going: We are going to the fair
standing: Your elephant is standing on my toe
waiting: I'll be waiting all day for the phone to ring
dot > dots
apples: She cuts up apples for an apple pie
dots: Try to make a pattern of dots
frills: Her skirt is trimmed with frills
hills: This is a land of hills and valleys
spots: She had spots when she was ill
Short phoneme 'oo'
'oo' as in good
book:
She sat reading her bookcook: A clever cook bakes better buns
foot: Each foot has five toes
good: A good dog sits when it's told
hood: A snug red hood will keep her warm
hook: I am going to fix a hook for our coats
look: They all ran out to look at the snow
took: She took a look at her book
wooden: Cooks often use a wooden spoon
'u' as in pull
bull: The colour-blind bull hates a red rag or any other
bush: I hid behind the leafy bush
full: If your glass is too full it spills over
pull: You pull the ring to open the can
push: We had to push the car to make it start
put: She put the key into the lock
Mixed 'oo' phonemes
bull: The colour-blind bull hates a red rag or any other
bush: I hid behind the leafy bush
cook: A clever cook bakes better buns
full: If your glass is too full it spills over
hood: A snug red hood will keep her warm
hook: I am going to fix a hook for our coats
push: We had to push the car to make it start
wooden: Cooks often use a wooden spoon
Year 2 term 2
'air' phoneme
'..ere' as in there
anywhere:
I've looked but I can't find my coat anywherenowhere: A broken-down train is going nowhere
there: We're standing here but the bus stops over there
where: Just here is where I sit
'air' as in fair
chair: Pull up a chair and sit down
dairy: Butter and cheese are made in a dairy
fair: I love the fair with all its rides
fairy: There's a fairy on top of the Christmas tree
hair: His hair was cut very short
pair: He always wore a pair of trainers
stairs: Steep wooden stairs led up to the top
unfair: It's unfair to give her a bigger cake
'are' as in scare
beware: The princess knew to beware of dragons
care: She took care of her teddy bear
dare: I dare you to do a bungee jump
rare: He searches the jungle for rare plants
scare: My sudden yell gave her quite a scare
share: I will let you share my chocolate
spare: Come and play if you have the spare time
square: You never see a square tomato
'ear' as in bear
bear: Deep in the woods a grizzly bear growled
pear: I could not bear to leave that pear unpicked
swear: In court we swear to tell the truth
tear: She had to mend a tear in the cloth
wear: People wear shorts in the summer
Mixed 'air' phonemes
bear: Deep in the woods a grizzly bear growled
chair: Pull up a chair and sit down
fairy: There's a fairy on top of the Christmas tree
scare: My sudden yell gave her quite a scare
share: I will let you share my chocolate
stairs: Steep wooden stairs led up to the top
there: We're standing here but the bus stops over there
wear: People wear shorts in the summer
where: Just here is where I sit
'ear' as in pearl
early: He got out of bed early that day
earn: She went to work to earn some money
earth: From space the earth looks beautiful
heard: I heard a great new song today
learn: I try to learn ten spellings a week
learning: I am learning how to swim
pearl: He dived for a pearl to give to his girl
search: A detective needs to search for clues
'er' as in her
fern: A fern is an evergreen plant
her: She has a ring on her finger
herb: Mint is a herb with a fresh tingly taste
kerb: You wait at the kerb to cross the road
perfect: I may be good but I'm not perfect
person: A person may be a man or a woman
stern: When Mum looks stern we all behave
term: At the end of term our holiday starts
'ir' as in bird
bird: A small bird sang from the treetop
birth: Our cat gave birth to six kittens
dirty: You play in dirt - you get dirty
first: The first to get home is the winner
girl: His sister was a happy girl
shirt: The team's new shirt is blue and white
skirt: Her long blue skirt reached the floor
third: She ate two cakes and then a third
'ur' as in fur
burn: Dry logs burn well
burst: Balloons go bang when they burst
church: Christians go to church to pray
curly: A pig has a curly tail
fur: My cat's fur is soft and fluffy
hurt: When she fell she hurt her hand
turn: I always take my turn to wash up
turnip: A turnip is a root that's good to eat
Mixed 'er' phonemes
burn: Dry logs burn well
burst: Balloons go bang when they burst
earth: From space the earth looks beautiful
girl: His sister was a happy girl
herb: Mint is a herb with a fresh tingly taste
perfect: I may be good but I'm not perfect
search: A detective needs to search for clues
shirt: The team's new shirt is blue and white
'a' as in talk
chalk: White chalk writes well on black
stalk: The stalk supports the flower
talk: I like to talk to my friend
walk: He went for a long walk
'a' as in tall
all: The dog ate up all my dinner
ball: She kicked the ball into the net
call: Did you hear me call your name?
fall: Humpty-Dumpty had a great fall
hall: Go through the front door and into the hall
small: A small button fits a tiny hole
snowball: We made a big snowball to roll downhill
stall: Let's get an ice cream from that stall
tall: One tree stood tall above the rest
wall: We played with a ball against the wall
'au' as in haunt
gaunt: He grew gaunt and thin with illness
haunt: Ghosts are said to haunt that house
launch: He pressed the button to launch the rocket
laundry: Hang your laundry out to dry
taunt: The bully called me names to taunt me
taut: The rope goes taut when both teams pull
'aw' as in claw
claws: The eagle snatched a snake in its claws
crawl: Babies crawl before they walk
draw: The final result was a draw
jaw: You move your jaw when you chew
law: He broke the law when he shot the sheriff
lawn: My lawn grows green and grassy
paw: Our cat dips its paw in its milk
raw: Food is raw until you cook it
straw: She likes to sip her drink through a straw
thaw: The thaw came at last and melted the snow
'oar' as in roar
boar: Wild boar live in the Black Forest
board: The teacher wrote on the board
hoard: The pirates hid their hoard of gold
oar: They each took an oar to row the boat
roar: The angry lion gave a roar
soar: I saw my kite soar high in the sky
'oor' as in floor
door: Knock on the door and go in
floor: Their wooden floor had no carpet
moor: No trees grew on the windy moor
poor: They were too poor to buy food
'or' as in sport
corn: Butter is good with corn on the cob
fork: He stuck his fork into a pea
morning: The sun comes up in the morning
north: Go north for cold and ice
short: The ladder was too short to reach the top
sort: A bun is a sort of cake
sport: Keep fit with sport
'ore' as in more
before: Unwrap a sweet before you eat
more: She ate lots but wanted more
score: Put the ball in the net to score
shore: Blue sea laps the sandy shore
snore: People who snore keep others awake
sore: Her throat was so sore she could hardly speak
store: Children adore buying sweets from a store
swore: The witness swore to tell the truth
wore: He wore a turban on his head
'our' as in four
court: We played tennis on a grass court
four: Chairs need four firm legs
fourteen: Ten plus four makes fourteen
pour: Use a funnel to help you pour
your: Clap your hands if you like the show
Mixed 'or' phonemes
board: The teacher wrote on the board
chalk: White chalk writes well on black
door: Knock on the door and go in
draw: The final result was a draw
fourteen: Ten plus four makes fourteen
launch: He pressed the button to launch the rocket
small: A small button fits a tiny hole
snore: People who snore keep others awake
sport: Keep fit with sport
'un' and 'dis' prefixes
'dis..' as negative
disagree:
You can disagree and yet not quarreldisappear: Soap powder makes dirt disappear
disconnect: Pull out the plug to disconnect the television
disease: Doctors aim to cure disease
dislike: I will not eat things I dislike
distrust: I don't jump from planes as I distrust parachutes
'un..' as negative
uncertain: She felt uncertain which frog to kiss
unfair: It's unfair to give her a bigger cake
unfriendly: The unfriendly folk next door don't speak
unknown: His hideaway was unknown to the police
unsafe: That rickety chair is unsafe
untidy: Rubbish makes the place untidy
untrue: Her made-up tale was quite untrue
unwell: He felt so unwell he went to bed
'wh', 'ph', 'ch' digraphs
'ch' as in chemist
ache:
Watching tennis makes my neck acheanchor: The ship rode safely to her anchor
chemist: A chemist sells tablets for headaches
Christmas: People give each other gifts at Christmas
echo: Shout and the cave will echo your voice
scheme: He worked out a scheme to make more money
school: Children learn and play at school
stomach: My stomach rumbles when I'm hungry
'ph' as in photo
alphabet: I know every letter of the alphabet
dolphin: A dolphin hunts fish but is gentle with people
elephant: An elephant came stomping by
graph: A graph makes a picture from numbers
nephew: My sister's son is my nephew
orphan: His parents died and so he was an orphan
phantom: The phantom floated through the wall
photo: She kept his photo in a silver frame
'wh' as in wheel
whack: With a whack she hit her head on the shelf
wheat: Farmers grow wheat so we can have bread
wheel: The front wheel of her bike hit the kerb
whip: You have to whip cream to make it thick
whirl: The rides at the fair whirl round and round
whiskers: A cat laps up milk then licks its whiskers
whisper: Softly and in a whisper she told her secret
Syllables and spelling
split like 'bot-tle'
apple:
An apple a day keeps the doctor awaybottle: Do you prefer your cola in a bottle or a can?
bubble: I chewed my gum and blew a bubble
cuddle: A cuddle a day keeps sadness at bay
dribble: Babies happily dribble food down their chins
gobble: Dogs always gobble their food
middle: He fell in a puddle right up to his middle
split like ba-sin
hotel: On holiday they stayed in a sea-front hotel
label: The label on the jar said 'plum jam'
minus: Five minus three is two
moment: It only takes a moment to burn a piece of toast
pilot: The pilot controls the plane
pupil: The painter taught his pupil all he knew
secret: The secret door was very well hidden
silent: The room fell silent once the crowd had gone
stupid: A well-trained dog seldom does anything stupid
split like bas-ket
basket: They filled a basket with fruit
napkin: I use my napkin to wipe my mouth
panda: The black and white panda munches bamboo shoots
picnic: We spread a cloth on the grass for a picnic
plastic: A plastic flower has no smell
pumpkin: Cinderella's pumpkin became a golden coach
trumpet: A trumpet plays loud music
zebra: A zebra crossing has black and white stripes
split like cot-ton
cotton: A cotton shirt keeps you cool
hidden: The secret door was very well hidden
kitten: My kitten is fluffy and playful
lesson: Our next lesson is History
paddock: Her pony grazes in the paddock
puffin: You can always tell a puffin by its bill
rabbit: Our pet rabbit ate Mum's prize carrots
sudden: A sudden clap of thunder broke the silence
split like fin-ish
body: Daily keep-fit strengthens the body
finish: When I finish this job I can start the next
habit: He has this habit of clicking his fingers
lemon: What a sour taste a lemon has!
metal: A metal often shines like silver
robin: A red-breasted robin perched on a twig
shadow: Bright sun cast a dark shadow behind him
visit: My friends came to visit me in hospital
split like po-em
diet: His diet consists of bread and water
duet: The two boys together sang a duet
lion: A mouse saved the lion by biting him free
poem: Her ten-line poem has clever rhymes
triumph: Caesar returned from battle in triumph
Year 2 term 3
'ear' and 'ea phonemes
'ea' as in bread
bread:
Fresh bread makes the best toastbreath: He ran until he was out of breath
dead: With a click the phone went dead
deaf: The deaf man did not hear the bell
head: Please turn your head and look at me
health: An apple a day is good for your health
instead: She wants a pony instead of a bike
sweat: Hard work makes you sweat
wealth: The lottery winner gave away all his wealth
'ear' as in beard
appear: As dusk fell I saw the moon appear
beard: His big bushy beard covered his tie
clear: The stream was so clear you could see the fish
ear: She whispered in his ear
fear: A brave man hides his fear
gear: The car was stuck in second gear
hear: Rabbits have long ears to hear danger
rear: Pedals drive a bike's rear wheel
spear: He hurled his spear at the springing lion
Suffixes 'ful/ly'
'..ful' cup > cupful
armful:
I can't hold the baby and an armful of clothesbucketful: A bucketful of water is enough to clean the car
cupful: A British cupful measures ten fluid ounces
mouthful: Gargle with a mouthful of salt water
spoonful: A spoonful of sugar sweetens coffee
'..ful' truth > truthful
careful: She was careful to keep to the office routine
colourful: A bed of roses in bloom looks colourful
faithful: His faithful dog followed him everywhere
harmful: Poison is extremely harmful
powerful: Elephants are more powerful than ants
truthful: A truthful answer contains no lies
useful: I never throw useful things away
'..fully' careful > carefully
carefully: They carefully lifted the fragile pane of glass
cheerfully: The singing soldiers marched cheerfully on
faithfully: A letter starting 'Dear Sir' ends with 'Yours faithfully'
gracefully: The dancer moved gracefully across the floor
hopefully: My dog looks up hopefully for a treat
painfully: She ran on painfully with blistered feet
truthfully: He answered truthfully and told them no lies
'..ly' friend > friendly
beastly: The monster howled a beastly howl
cowardly: The cowardly lion hid from the mouse
friendly: She welcomed us with a friendly smile
motherly: She cradled the child in a motherly way
queenly: She gave a queenly wave from the balcony
'..ly' loud > loudly
bravely: Firemen bravely fight fires
lonely: Crusoe was lonely on the desert island
loudly: A big voice boomed loudly through the room
lovely: It was a lovely day and the sun shone bright
only: I have only one sweet left
quietly: Tiptoe quietly in without a word
silently: He did not cry out but suffered silently
slowly: A slug slowly slithered across the path
suddenly: The door suddenly burst open
'..ly' wrong > wrongly
badly: My front wheel is badly twisted
bravely: Firemen bravely fight fires
quickly: Run quickly or you'll miss the bus
quietly: Tiptoe quietly in without a word
silently: He did not cry out but suffered silently
slowly: A slug slowly slithered across the path
suddenly: The door suddenly burst open
wrongly: My innocent friend was wrongly arrested
Year 3 term 1
'..le' endings
'..le' as in apple
apple:
An apple a day keeps the doctor awaybattle: Napoleon fought his last battle at Waterloo
bottle: Do you prefer your cola in a bottle or a can?
bubble: I chewed my gum and blew a bubble
cuddle: A cuddle a day keeps sadness at bay
dribble: Babies happily dribble food down their chins
gobble: Dogs always gobble their food
middle: He fell in a puddle right up to his middle
'..le' as in candle
ankle: Your ankle connects your leg to your foot
bundle: The tramp wrapped his clothes into a bundle
candle: She blew out every candle on her birthday cake
grumble: People often grumble about the weather
handle: I've broken the handle of my favourite mug
nimble: Jack was nimble enough to escape down the beanstalk
simple: Two plus two is a simple sum
single: Someone unmarried is single
'..le' as in table
cable: A cable connects the cooker to the mains
cradle: The tiny baby slept in his cradle
ladle: A ladle is a spoon for serving soup
maple: The maple tree provides a delicious syrup
noble: A noble deed is brave and selfless
sidle: Can you sidle stealthily like a crab?
table: The table was laden with scrumptious food
Prefixes
'de..'
decamp:
If the floods rise all campers must decampdecode: Spies have to decode their messages
deforested: Trees grew here before it was deforested
defrost: Get the bread from the freezer and let it defrost
dethrone: The king's enemies planned to dethrone him
'dis..'
disappointed: She was so disappointed to lose
discovery: A little hidden beach was our great discovery
disgusting: That greasy sink looks disgusting
dismay: With utter dismay they saw the boat sink
disposable: We throw our baby's disposable nappies away
'pre..'
precooked: Make sure your precooked meal is properly heated
prefix: Name a prefix that means 'before'
prehistoric: We have no written records from prehistoric people
prepacked: I bought a prepacked lunch
preschool: My little sister is still at preschool playgroup
're..'
rehouse: I made a new hutch to rehouse my rabbit
renew: I need to renew my library book
replace: I bought this book to replace one I lost
replay: If the teams draw there will be a replay
review: I need to review what I have learned
'un..' as undoing actions
uncover: He pulled off the cloth to uncover the statue
undo: Do you undo your laces to take off your trainers?
unearth: The dog dug deep to unearth his bone
unload: They had to unload the boxes off the truck
untwist: You untwist the paper to get the toffee
unwrap: I tore the paper to unwrap my present
Similar patterns
building similar words
climb:
You must clamber over rocks to climb that slopemedicine: Medical help can include medicine
rehearse: Will you hear me rehearse my song?
sign: The signal was a sign they had heard us
two: A twin is one of two
Verbs with '..ing'
'..ing' rub > rubbing
digging:
I'll dig where I was digging yesterdaygetting: I'm getting too big for my clothes
hopping: If you try to run with one leg you are hopping
rubbing: Aladdin was rubbing the lamp to clean it
swimming: He is swimming under the water
'..ing' care > caring
caring: I was caring for my cousin's cat
coming: Mother is coming to see us tomorrow
hoping: I'm hoping Mum won't be mad
moving: We're moving away next week
writing: The children were writing a letter home
'..ing' grin > grinning
grinning: She was grinning from ear to ear
panicking: She is panicking because she has not done the work
referring: I was referring to your brother, not you
travelling: I was travelling by train
'..ing' visit > visiting
carpeting: I was carpeting the floor when I lost my mouse
happening: Darkness hid what was happening
limiting: I am limiting myself to one sweet a day
targeting: The girls were targeting water-pistols at the boys
visiting: I can't show you the way as I'm just visiting
'..ing' with eye ..ie ..o ..oe
echoing: Their voices were echoing through the cavern
eyeing: A hungry boy was eyeing cakes in the window
hoeing: He was hoeing his garden to keep down weeds
lying: She was lying in bed till noon
radioing: The captain is radioing for help
shoeing: The blacksmith was shoeing the horse in the yard
tying: I am tying the parcel with string
vetoing: The boss says he is vetoing the plan
Year 3 term 2
'..er, ..est, ..y' alter spelling
'..y' fun > funny
baggy:
His baggy trousers were far too bigfoggy: It's so foggy we can't see the way
funny: People laugh at funny things
furry: The mouldy bread had gone furry
muddy: They played in mud and got muddy
spotty: That spotty face could mean chicken-pox
starry: The moon was sailing in the starry sky
tinny: Tin whistles can make tiny tinny sounds
witty: A witty comment is funny but not always polite
'..y' grease > greasy
easy: I like simple and easy work
greasy: Elbow-grease cleans greasy dishes
hasty: The dog sniffed the crab then beat a hasty retreat
noisy: Loud machines make a workshop noisy
shady: It was cool beneath the shady trees
shiny: Sunlight glinted off their shiny armour
slimy: A slimy slug slid slowly across the path
tasty: Food that tastes good is tasty
easy > easier >easiest
easier: It is an easy walk but an easier ride by bus
easiest: The simplest work is often the easiest
funnier: Your jokes may be funny but mine are funnier
funniest: He was the funniest comedian in the show
happier: I am happier in jeans than in a suit
happiest: The happiest cat was the one who got the cream
healthier: Walking is healthier than driving
healthiest: Well-balanced meals are the healthiest
late > later > latest
fiercer: A cat is fiercer than a mouse
fiercest: A tiger is fiercest when defending her cubs
larger: As you grow up you need larger clothes
largest: Which animal has the largest feet?
simpler: A hut is simpler than a palace
simplest: The simplest ideas are often the best
whiter: Which detergent washes whiter than white?
whitest: The whitest shirt had no marks at all
red > redder > reddest
bigger: An elephant is bigger than a mouse
biggest: How big is the biggest turkey ever?
hotter: The fire is hot and it is getting hotter
hottest: How hot was the hottest day ever?
redder: As they ran their red faces turned redder
reddest: Poppies are the reddest flowers of all
'..ly, ..ful, ..less' endings
'..ful' cup > cupful
armful:
I can't hold the baby and an armful of clothesbucketful: A bucketful of water is enough to clean the car
cupful: A British cupful measures ten fluid ounces
mouthful: Gargle with a mouthful of salt water
spoonful: A spoonful of sugar sweetens coffee
'..ful' truth > truthful
careful: She was careful to keep to the office routine
colourful: A bed of roses in bloom looks colourful
faithful: His faithful dog followed him everywhere
harmful: Poison is extremely harmful
powerful: Elephants are more powerful than ants
truthful: A truthful answer contains no lies
useful: I never throw useful things away
'..less' air > airless
aimless: They were wandering in an aimless way
airless: With no windows the tiny room felt airless
breathless: The climb left her breathless and panting
careless: It was careless to drop your banana skin
countless: There are countless stars in the sky
effortless: Experts make skills seem effortless
pointless: It is pointless trying to empty the sea with a bucket
'..ly' friend > friendly
beastly: The monster howled a beastly howl
cowardly: The cowardly lion hid from the mouse
friendly: She welcomed us with a friendly smile
motherly: She cradled the child in a motherly way
queenly: She gave a queenly wave from the balcony
'..ly' loud > loudly
bravely: Firemen bravely fight fires
lonely: Crusoe was lonely on the desert island
loudly: A big voice boomed loudly through the room
lovely: It was a lovely day and the sun shone bright
only: I have only one sweet left
quietly: Tiptoe quietly in without a word
silently: He did not cry out but suffered silently
slowly: A slug slowly slithered across the path
suddenly: The door suddenly burst open
'..ly' wrong > wrongly
badly: My front wheel is badly twisted
bravely: Firemen bravely fight fires
quickly: Run quickly or you'll miss the bus
quietly: Tiptoe quietly in without a word
silently: He did not cry out but suffered silently
slowly: A slug slowly slithered across the path
suddenly: The door suddenly burst open
wrongly: My innocent friend was wrongly arrested
's' plurals alter spelling
baby > babies
babies:
Two babies yowl louder than onecities: Our cities suffer from too much traffic
daisies: How many daisies make a daisy chain?
families: Many families go on holiday together
pennies: She saved her pennies until she made a pound
ponies: Lots of ponies entered the pony show
puppies: The smallest puppy joined the other puppies
stories: There are three great stories in this book
half > halves
halves: Football is a game of two halves
knives: Bring knives, forks, spoons and a bread knife
loaves: Half a loaf is better than no loaves at all
shelves: It's on the lower shelf of the shelves by the window
thieves: The thief knew where the other thieves went
wives: King Henry had six wives
wolves: One wolf is the leader of a pack of wolves
hero > heroes
cargoes: The ships carried cargoes of tea and spices
dominoes: A set of dominoes has twenty-eight tiles
echoes: Their voices made echoes inside the cavern
heroes: Our winning team came home heroes
potatoes: Chips are sliced and fried potatoes
tomatoes: Are tomatoes fruit or vegetables?
volcanoes: Mounts Etna and Vesuvius are volcanoes
kilo > kilos
embryos: Unborn animals are known as embryos
kilos: How many kilos do you weigh?
photos: I have put my photos in this album
pianos: Two pianists played on separate pianos
radios: TV's are usually more expensive than radios
solos: The solos were sung by each singer in turn
videos: Video recorders are often called videos
kiss > kisses
boxes: I'll just pile this box on top of these boxes
brushes: She put her clean brush with the other brushes
coaches: Our coach was the first of the six coaches
kisses: Her letter ends with a row of kisses
matches: Lots of matches fit in a matchbox
monkey > monkeys
boys: All men were once boys
guys: The dummies made for bonfires are called guys
keys: Locks are opened with keys
monkeys: Playful monkeys were swinging by their tails
toys: The toyshop was piled high with toys
trays: The twins had breakfast in bed on trays
ways: There are lots of ways to play cards
roof > roofs
beliefs: She shared her parents beliefs in old wives tales
chefs: Some chefs won't share their cooking secrets
chiefs: The chiefs of the tribes all met together
cliffs: Tall cliffs rise out of the sea
roofs: Here the roofs of houses have red tiles
compound words
compound words
birthday:
Your birthday marks the day you were borndustbin: The dustbin is for household rubbish
handbag: She keeps her purse in her handbag
lipstick: Use lipstick to colour your lips
milkman: A milkman delivers milk
notebook: He jotted some notes in his notebook
sunset: The western sky glows red at sunset
windmill: Wind drives the sails of the windmill
Silent letters
'gn' as in gnat
design:
You need a design before you buildgnarl: Old age makes trees twist and gnarl
gnash: A dog will gnash his teeth in anger
gnat: The gnat will buzz and bite at night
gnome: I put a gnome by my garden pond.
reign: Queen Victoria's reign lasted sixty-five years
sign: A sign beside the road shows the way
'kn..' as in knee
knee: I fell and grazed my knee
kneel: People often kneel when praying
knew: After just one lesson I knew how to skate
knife: A good cook needs a sharp knife
knight: The brave knight rode a black horse
knit: Gran will knit me a jumper
knob: The knob turned and the door opened
knock: There came a loud knock at the door.
knot: I tied the rope with a firm knot.
'wr..' as in write
wrap: I must wrap his present neatly
wreck: The wreck was sunk in a storm.
wren: The little wren sings very loudly
wrench: A wrench is a kind of spanner
wring: My wrists were too weak to wring out the cloth
wrist: Hands twist from the wrist
write: I want to write him a letter
wrong: Stealing things is wrong
Year 3 term 3
Word contractions
do not > don't
can't:
A fish out of water can't swimcouldn't: The short form of could not is couldn't
didn't: I didn't fall but the other skaters did
don't: Dinosaurs don't live here any more
haven't: The short form of have not is haven't
isn't: The short form of is not is isn't.
shan't: The short form of shall not is shan't
wasn't: The short form of was not is wasn't
won't: The short form of will not is won't
he has, he is > he's
he's: The short form of he is or he has, is he's
it's: The short form of it is or it has, is it's
she's: The short form of she is or she has, is she's
there's: The short form of there is, is there's
where's: The short form of where is, is where's
I had, I would > I'd
he'd: The short form of he had or he would is he'd
I'd: The short form of I had or I would is I'd
she'd: The short form of she had or she would is she'd
they'd: The short form of they had or they would is they'd
you'd: The short form of you would is you'd
I will, I shall > I'll
I'll: The short form of I will or I shall is I'll
it'll: The short form of it will is it'll
she'll: The short form of she will is she'll
they'll: The short form of they will is they'll
we'll: The short form of we will or we shall is we'll
we are > we're etc.
I'm: The short form of I am is I'm
they're: My parents think they're really cool.
we're: The short form of we are is we're
you're: I'm so pleased you're here!
we have > we've
could've: The short form of could have is could've
I've: The short form of I have is I've
might've: The short form of might have is might've
should've: The short form of should have is should've
we've: The short form of we have is weve
Contractions
do not > don't
can't:
A fish out of water can't swimcouldn't: The short form of could not is couldn't
didn't: I didn't fall but the other skaters did
don't: Dinosaurs don't live here any more
haven't: The short form of have not is haven't
isn't: The short form of is not is isn't.
shan't: The short form of shall not is shan't
wasn't: The short form of was not is wasn't
won't: The short form of will not is won't
he has, he is > he's
he's: The short form of he is or he has, is he's
it's: The short form of it is or it has, is it's
she's: The short form of she is or she has, is she's
there's: The short form of there is, is there's
where's: The short form of where is, is where's
I had, I would > I'd
he'd: The short form of he had or he would is he'd
I'd: The short form of I had or I would is I'd
she'd: The short form of she had or she would is she'd
they'd: The short form of they had or they would is they'd
you'd: The short form of you would is you'd
I will, I shall > I'll
I'll: The short form of I will or I shall is I'll
it'll: The short form of it will is it'll
she'll: The short form of she will is she'll
they'll: The short form of they will is they'll
we'll: The short form of we will or we shall is we'll
we are > we're etc.
I'm: The short form of I am is I'm
they're: My parents think they're really cool.
we're: The short form of we are is we're
you're: I'm so pleased you're here!
we have > we've
could've: The short form of could have is could've
I've: The short form of I have is I've
might've: The short form of might have is might've
should've: The short form of should have is should've
we've: The short form of we have is weve
Prefixes
'anti..'
anticlimax:
The end of a holiday is such an anticlimaxanticlockwise: The hands of a clock never turn anticlockwise
antidote: A dock leaf is an antidote for nettle stings
antifreeze: Car radiators need antifreeze in winter
antiseptic: Clean cuts with an antiseptic to kill bacteria
'co..'
coerce: He is strong enough to coerce them to leave
coexist: If only all nations would coexist in peace!
cooperate: Let's cooperate and share the work
'ex..' out of
excavate: The bulldozers rolled in to excavate the site
except: February has 28 days except in leap years
excluding: The price is two pounds excluding postage
excursion: Let's go on the excursion to the theme park
exit: You leave the building by the nearest exit
export: We export cars to many countries
extract: The dentist pulled hard to extract the tooth
'mis..'
mishap: The broken window was just a mishap
mislead: Don't let his flattery mislead you
misprint: This wrong spelling must be a misprint
misspell: If you spell this word right you won't misspell it
mistimed: He scored when the goalie mistimed his save
mistreat: To scribble in a library book is to mistreat it
misunderstood: I misunderstood your directions and got lost
misuse: It's a misuse of a car to stand on its roof
'non..'
nonchalant: To be nonchalant is to be unconcerned
nonconformist: A nonconformist is a person who will not conform
nondescript: Something nondescript is unremarkable
nonentity: Something of no importance is a nonentity
nonplussed: To be nonplussed is to be baffled
Year 4 term 1
Appendix list 2 words
some useful verbs
began:
I began to play the drums when I was sixbeing: Nobody likes being ill
coming: Mother is coming to see us tomorrow
does: She does judo on Monday after school
might: We think we might win
show: Let me show you my scar
told: Gulliver told the tale of his travels
walk: He went for a long walk
walking: Running is speeded-up walking
write: I want to write him a letter
some useful verbs 2
change: This tiny grub will change into a moth
found: I looked around and found a pound
heard: I heard a great new song today
leave: When I leave school I'm going to be a pop star
tries: A newborn foal tries to stand up
watch: I like to watch the news on TV
verbs, adding '..ed'
asked: My mother asked thousands of questions
jumped: He jumped into the lake
opened: He opened the window because it was hot
started: It started to rain as we left the house
stopped: He stopped and looked before crossing the road
turned: She turned to see what was behind her
used: He used a spade to dig a hole in the garden
walked: We walked for five hours without stopping
verbs, contractions
can't: A fish out of water can't swim
didn't: I didn't fall but the other skaters did
don't: Dinosaurs don't live here any more
I'm: The short form of I am is I'm
verbs, past and present
brought: Have you brought your trainers with you?
goes: He goes to bed when he's tired
gone: I miss my friend now she's gone away
knew: After just one lesson I knew how to skate
know: I know that tomorrow never comes!
think: I must think before I speak
thought: I thought about what you said and I still say no
woke: Dad woke Mum with a cup of tea
woken: I have woken up so I might as well get up
Double consonant 2 syllables
split like 'bot-tle'
apple:
An apple a day keeps the doctor awaybottle: Do you prefer your cola in a bottle or a can?
bubble: I chewed my gum and blew a bubble
cuddle: A cuddle a day keeps sadness at bay
dribble: Babies happily dribble food down their chins
gobble: Dogs always gobble their food
middle: He fell in a puddle right up to his middle
cotton: A cotton shirt keeps you cool
hidden: The secret door was very well hidden
kitten: My kitten is fluffy and playful
lesson: Our next lesson is History
paddock: Her pony grazes in the paddock
puffin: You can always tell a puffin by its bill
rabbit: Our pet rabbit ate Mum's prize carrots
sudden: A sudden clap of thunder broke the silence
Homophones
3-way homophones
their:
The kittens lost their mittensthere: We're standing here but the bus stops over there
they're: My parents think they're really cool.
to: I went to the fair
too: My two cats are too lazy to go out
two: We have one nose but two eyes
consonant phonemes
hole: The pirate dug a hole to hide his gold
knew: After just one lesson I knew how to skate
know: I know that tomorrow never comes!
new: I would like a new bike for my birthday
no: Shake your head for no
one: We have two eyes and one nose
right: Ticks mean all your sums are right
wear: People wear shorts in the summer
where: Just here is where I sit
whole: The egg was whole before he sat on it
won: The girl who ran the fastest won the race
write: I want to write him a letter
vowel phonemes
peace: The dove is a symbol of peace
piece: Would you like a piece of pie?
some: Most birds can fly and some can swim
sum: This sum gets a tick
threw: She threw the ball for me to catch
through: Go through the gate to get in the field
wood: She wants some wood to build a boat
would: I would rather fly than walk
you're: I'm so pleased you're here!
your: Clap your hands if you like the show
Irregular tense changes
basic past tenses
came:
My aunt came to see us last weekcould: He said he could do magic
did: I did my work then had a rest
got: We went in the rain and got wet
had: I did my work then had a rest
saw: He looked up and saw the moon
was: There once was an ugly duckling
went: Jack and Jill went up the hill
were: Once upon a time there were three pigs
more past tenses
ate: This pain must be due to something I ate
began: I began to play the drums when I was six
drew: He drew a picture of a flower
heard: I heard a great new song today
knew: After just one lesson I knew how to skate
paid: This bill hasn't been paid so I'll pay it now
slept: Baby slept in a cot
spoke: She spoke loudly and clearly so that we could all hear
stood: Everybody stood up at the end of the concert
told: Gulliver told the tale of his travels
took: She took a look at her book
won: The girl who ran the fastest won the race
past participles
been: I've been to London to see the Queen
begun: I have only just begun my story
done: My work is all done and finished
given: I was given this watch as a present
gone: I miss my friend now she's gone away
known: I had known about your secret for ages
seen: What's the best film you've ever seen?
taken: You must have taken my coat by mistake
past participles 2
broken: Have you ever broken a promise?
chosen: Have you chosen a book from the library this week?
drawn: I have drawn this picture specially for you
driven: I have never driven a tractor
fallen: He's fallen in the water!
flown: People who have flown with Concorde say it's great
grown: I have grown some new teeth this year
ridden: Have you ever ridden a horse bareback?
spoken: I have often spoken to him on the phone
written: I have written a super story
past with '..ught'
bought: I bought a short jacket from the market
brought: Have you brought your trainers with you?
caught: He put out a hand and caught the ball
fought: The battle of Waterloo was fought and won in a day
taught: He taught his dog to do some tricks
thought: I thought about what you said and I still say no
Suffixes
'..al'
animal:
A dog is a domestic animalannual: An annual event happens once a year
central: The hub is the central part of a wheel
equal: Each glass holds an equal amount
final: I have said my last word and that is final
hospital: A hospital is where people go to be made better
local: Our local school is just down the road
natural: She insisted her hair was its natural colour
personal: It was a personal matter and private to him
several: A family has several members
'..ary'
dictionary: A dictionary gives the meaning of words
library: A library houses a collection of books
necessary: If necessary we will send a replacement
ordinary: Do you want ordinary baked beans or curried beans?
temporary: A box made a temporary table
voluntary: It was voluntary work they did for free
'..hood'
adulthood: Does adulthood start at eighteen or twenty-one?
childhood: The old man's thoughts turned back to his childhood
falsehood: A falsehood is something which is not true
neighbourhood: He's the paper-boy for our neighbourhood
'..ic'
alcoholic: An alcoholic drink contains alcohol
artistic: Someone with artistic talent painted this picture
athletic: His athletic build meant he could run fast
demonic: The foul fiend howled with demonic laughter
historic: The first flight to the moon was a historic event
magnetic: A magnetic substance can be attracted by a magnet
metallic: The robot made a metallic sound as he clanked along
'..ment'
advertisement: An advertisement tries to attract your attention
development: Space travel is a recent development
measurement: A measurement finds the size of something
movement: Lots of movement will keep you fit
payment: One more payment and the guitar is mine
treatment: Rest is a treatment for flu
'..ness'
carelessness: Some bad driving is just carelessness
darkness: Out went the lights and we were in darkness
eagerness: He pushed me aside in his eagerness to win
fitness: Exercise helps maintain fitness
goodness: An apple is full of goodness
kindness: She showed kindness in helping the old man across the road
sadness: I felt sadness when my goldfish died
sickness: Paint fumes can cause sickness
'..ship'
citizenship: Her new country granted her citizenship
companionship: Lonely people crave companionship
friendship: Two pen-pals made a lifelong friendship
hardship: There is hardship when the money runs out
relationship: Ben and his dad have a good relationship
Verb endings
'..ed' cry > cried
cried:
Everyone cried at the weepy old filmdried: I dried the dog with my towel
fried: He fried his egg in the frying pan
hurried: They hurried to get to the match on time
married: The bride and groom have just got married
worried: I worried until my test results arrived
'..ed' date > dated
amused: We were amused by his witty cartoons
dared: No-one dared move for fear of rocking the boat
dated: She dated the letter at the top
droned: The dreary voice droned on and on
hoped: My birthday was as good as I had hoped
moved: New neighbours have moved in next door
'..ed' radio > radioed
echoed: Voices echoed through the empty cave
radioed: 'Mayday, Mayday' radioed the stranded ship
vetoed: The boss vetoed any plan he disapproved of
videoed: We videoed last night's film to watch tonight
'..ed' sounding as "d"
growled: The watch dog growled a low warning
poured: He poured the tea into two large mugs
rained: It rained all day and we were soaked
sailed: His ship sailed on the tide
showed: She opened the book and showed them the picture
teamed: The tennis players teamed up into pairs
crowded: We crowded into the tiny room
delighted: We were delighted to hear your good news
greeted: She greeted me with a hug
mended: She mended the puncture and rode away
painted: I painted the picture you see on the wall
shouted: He shouted for help at the top of his voice
waited: I waited for ages for him to turn up
wounded: An arrow wounded the stag as he fled
'..ed' sounding as "t"
asked: My mother asked thousands of questions
crashed: The runaway train crashed into the buffers
dressed: He dressed and came downstairs
jumped: He jumped into the lake
puffed: He huffed and he puffed and he blew the house down
reached: At long last they reached their journey's end
'..ing' rub > rubbing
digging: I'll dig where I was digging yesterday
getting: I'm getting too big for my clothes
hopping: If you try to run with one leg you are hopping
rubbing: Aladdin was rubbing the lamp to clean it
swimming: He is swimming under the water
'..ing' care > caring
caring: I was caring for my cousin's cat
coming: Mother is coming to see us tomorrow
hoping: I'm hoping Mum won't be mad
moving: We're moving away next week
writing: The children were writing a letter home
'..ing' grin > grinning
grinning: She was grinning from ear to ear
panicking: She is panicking because she has not done the work
referring: I was referring to your brother, not you
travelling: I was travelling by train
'..ing' visit > visiting
carpeting: I was carpeting the floor when I lost my mouse
happening: Darkness hid what was happening
limiting: I am limiting myself to one sweet a day
targeting: The girls were targeting water-pistols at the boys
visiting: I can't show you the way as I'm just visiting
'..ing' wait > waiting
carrying: I put on the coat I was carrying
dreaming: I'm dreaming of winning the lottery
going: We are going to the fair
standing: Your elephant is standing on my toe
waiting: I'll be waiting all day for the phone to ring
'..ing' with eye ..ie ..o ..oe
echoing: Their voices were echoing through the cavern
eyeing: A hungry boy was eyeing cakes in the window
hoeing: He was hoeing his garden to keep down weeds
lying: She was lying in bed till noon
radioing: The captain is radioing for help
shoeing: The blacksmith was shoeing the horse in the yard
tying: I am tying the parcel with string
vetoing: The boss says he is vetoing the plan
'..s' cry > cries
carries: The waiter carries a tray of drinks
cries: My sister cries at weepy old films
dries: Hot air dries wet hair
hurries: Everyone hurries to get to the match in time
worries: My mum worries about me when I'm late home
Year 4 term 2
Appendix list 2 words
'time' words
always:
The sun always rises in the eastbefore: Unwrap a sweet before you eat
during: We're not at school during the holidays
never: We never sleep standing up
often: We walk more often than we swim
sometimes: The sky is sometimes red in the morning
suddenly: The door suddenly burst open
'time' words 2
first: The first to get home is the winner
morning: The sun comes up in the morning
second: The second follows the first
still: Keep still while I cut your hair!
today: The day before tomorrow is today
until: They waited until the bus came along
while: I played outside while Mum made supper
year: There are twelve months in a year
useful words
almost: One mile to go and our train is almost there
any: Choose any number between one and ten
better: We played well but they played better
every: I have every record the group ever made
half: One is half of two
much: A lion is much bigger than a mouse
number: Nine is a number
only: I have only one sweet left
upon: Once upon a time there were three little pigs
young: A kitten is a young cat
Some prefixes
'al..'
almost:
One mile to go and our train is almost therealready: You can't have another sweet because you've already had one
also: My bedroom is also my den
although: He didn't cry although his hand hurt
always: The sun always rises in the east
'be..'
because: We went indoors because of the rain
before: Unwrap a sweet before you eat
behind: The cart goes behind the horse
below: Fish swim below the waves
beneath: The grass was soft beneath her feet
beside: Come and sit here beside me
between: The ball must go between the posts to score
beyond: The sea lies beyond those hills
'en..'
enable: This ticket will enable me to see the match
encircle: She planted a border to encircle the lawn
encourage: The crowd was singing to encourage the team
enforce: A policeman's job is to enforce the law
engulf: Waves rose up to engulf the ship
enlarge: When you enlarge a photo you show more detail
enrich: More butter would enrich this pudding
'fore..'
forecast: Rain is forecast for tomorrow
forecourt: You'll find a phone on the station forecourt
forefinger: You point with your forefinger
foreground: She drew trees in the foreground and hills behind
forehead: His hair flopped over his forehead
foreman: The foreman made sure the job was done
foresee: We cannot foresee the future
forewarn: Dark clouds may forewarn of a storm
'forth..'
forthcoming: I begged for money but none was forthcoming
forthright: A plain speaking man gives a forthright answer
forthwith: One moment, my lord, and I'll be with you forthwith
'per..'
percolate: Rain will percolate through sandy soil
perforation: A stamp tears off at the perforation
perfume: This perfume smells of roses
permanent: The ink made a permanent mark on her shirt
permit: This permit will let me fish here
perspire: Posh people perspire but never sweat
pervade: Does the smell of cooking pervade the house?
'with..'
withdraw: He had to withdraw his hasty remark
withhold: People often withhold their best efforts till last
withstand: A strong oak can withstand many gales
Word endings
'..ar' as in sugar
cellar:
Cold steps led down to a chilly cellarcollar: We put Rover's name-tag on his collar
mortar: What holds bricks together is mortar
sugar: Just a spoonful of sugar in my tea, please
vinegar: I sprinkled vinegar over my chips
'..el' as in model
angel: An angel is a heavenly messenger
kennel: Our dog lives in his kennel in the yard
label: The label on the jar said 'plum jam'
level: Things don't slide off a level shelf
model: She built a model of the Titanic
parcel: He wrapped the parcel in brown paper
quarrel: They disagreed and started to quarrel
travel: To reach the States you travel by air
'..ey' as in monkey
abbey: Monks once lived in the old abbey
chimney: Why doesn't Santa get stuck in the chimney?
honey: Bees make honey
journey: It's a long journey from here to Timbuktu
money: All my money fell out of my purse
monkey: A monkey uses all four limbs to swing from trees
turkey: The turkey is the largest bird on our farm
valley: A valley is low ground between hills
'..ight' as in bright
bright: The light was so bright they were dazzled
fight: He is training hard for his big fight
fright: His sudden yell gave her a fright
highlight: I used a yellow marker to highlight the main points
might: We think we might win
night: All that night the moon shone bright
right: Ticks mean all your sums are right
tight: These tight shoes pinch my toes
'..il' as in pencil
civil: Polite people give civil replies
council: The local council collects taxes to spend on services
daffodil: The daffodil is a sign of spring
fossil: We know extinct life from fossil remains
lentil: She made a pot of lentil soup for supper
pencil: I write in pencil if I need to rub out
stencil: A stencil makes it easy to paint a shape
utensil: A utensil is anything used in the kitchen
'..le' as in apple
apple: An apple a day keeps the doctor away
battle: Napoleon fought his last battle at Waterloo
bottle: Do you prefer your cola in a bottle or a can?
bubble: I chewed my gum and blew a bubble
cuddle: A cuddle a day keeps sadness at bay
dribble: Babies happily dribble food down their chins
gobble: Dogs always gobble their food
middle: He fell in a puddle right up to his middle
'..le' as in candle
ankle: Your ankle connects your leg to your foot
bundle: The tramp wrapped his clothes into a bundle
candle: She blew out every candle on her birthday cake
grumble: People often grumble about the weather
handle: I've broken the handle of my favourite mug
nimble: Jack was nimble enough to escape down the beanstalk
simple: Two plus two is a simple sum
single: Someone unmarried is single
'..le' as in table
cable: A cable connects the cooker to the mains
cradle: The tiny baby slept in his cradle
ladle: A ladle is a spoon for serving soup
maple: The maple tree provides a delicious syrup
noble: A noble deed is brave and selfless
sidle: Can you sidle stealthily like a crab?
table: The table was laden with scrumptious food
'..ought' as in bought
bought: I bought a short jacket from the market
brought: Have you brought your trainers with you?
fought: The battle of Waterloo was fought and won in a day
nought: Write nought when there is nothing at all
thought: I thought about what you said and I still say no
half > halves
halves: Football is a game of two halves
knives: Bring knives, forks, spoons and a bread knife
loaves: Half a loaf is better than no loaves at all
shelves: It's on the lower shelf of the shelves by the window
thieves: The thief knew where the other thieves went
wives: King Henry had six wives
wolves: One wolf is the leader of a pack of wolves
roof > roofs
beliefs: She shared her parents beliefs in old wives tales
chefs: Some chefs won't share their cooking secrets
chiefs: The chiefs of the tribes all met together
cliffs: Tall cliffs rise out of the sea
roofs: Here the roofs of houses have red tiles
Year 4 term 3
Adding parts to words
'..ful' truth > truthful
careful:
She was careful to keep to the office routinecolourful: A bed of roses in bloom looks colourful
faithful: His faithful dog followed him everywhere
harmful: Poison is extremely harmful
powerful: Elephants are more powerful than ants
truthful: A truthful answer contains no lies
useful: I never throw useful things away
'..ic'
alcoholic: An alcoholic drink contains alcohol
artistic: Someone with artistic talent painted this picture
athletic: His athletic build meant he could run fast
demonic: The foul fiend howled with demonic laughter
historic: The first flight to the moon was a historic event
magnetic: A magnetic substance can be attracted by a magnet
metallic: The robot made a metallic sound as he clanked along
'..ist'
balloonist: Up up and away the balloonist soars.
biologist: A biologist studies living things
chemist: A chemist sells tablets for headaches
cyclist: The cyclist pedalled hard to climb the hill.
florist: A florist is very busy on Mother's Day
guitarist: A guitarist plays by strumming his strings
journalist: He's a journalist and writes for the local paper
pianist: The pianist ran his fingers lightly over the keys
'..ive'
active: An active dog needs lots of walks
attractive: Only warthogs find other warthogs attractive
defective: A defective machine does not work
defensive: A defensive moat guarded the castle walls
effective: Hedgehog's spines make an effective defence
expensive: A diamond necklace is an expensive gift
impressive: The huge dinosaur left an impressive footprint
'..ly' friend > friendly
beastly: The monster howled a beastly howl
cowardly: The cowardly lion hid from the mouse
friendly: She welcomed us with a friendly smile
motherly: She cradled the child in a motherly way
queenly: She gave a queenly wave from the balcony
'..ly' loud > loudly
bravely: Firemen bravely fight fires
lonely: Crusoe was lonely on the desert island
loudly: A big voice boomed loudly through the room
lovely: It was a lovely day and the sun shone bright
only: I have only one sweet left
quietly: Tiptoe quietly in without a word
silently: He did not cry out but suffered silently
slowly: A slug slowly slithered across the path
suddenly: The door suddenly burst open
'..tion' elect > election
collection: I would like this stamp for my collection
connection: You plug in the cable to make a connection
election: She was elected MP at the last election
exhibition: Local artists held an exhibition of their work
invention: The wheel was an early invention
suggestion: He made a brilliant suggestion for increasing sales
Appendix list 2 words
'place' words
above:
You hold an umbrella above your headacross: He waved to us from across the river
along: A path runs along the riverbank
around: The pony trots around the ring
below: Fish swim below the waves
between: The ball must go between the posts to score
high: From high on the hill they saw for miles
inside: She's painting the house inside and out
'place' words 2
near: Sit near the front if you want a good view
outside: She's painting the house outside and in
round: All wheels are round
through: Go through the gate to get in the field
together: Bread and jam go well together
under: The river runs under the bridge
where: Just here is where I sit
useful words 3
also: My bedroom is also my den
both: Bananas and pears are both fruit
different: Apples are different from oranges
following: There were floods following two weeks of heavy rain
other: Would you like this book or the other one?
place: A bookmark helps you find your place
right: Ticks mean all your sums are right
such: Your party was such good fun
without: A bike without wheels is no good at all
Common roots
fortis strong
comfort:
I love the comfort of my own armchaireffort: To make an effort is to try hard
force: The force of the gale made cars overturn
fortify: To fortify is to protect against attack
fortress: A fortress is a fortified place of defence
reinforce: I reinforce something to make it stronger
gramma letter
anagram: An anagram is a word with the letters mixed up
diagram: A diagram is a plan of something on paper
grammar: The study of the rules of a language is its grammar
gramophone: A gramophone plays music from vinyl discs
hologram: A hologram can show a solid-looking picture
programme: A menu of events is called a programme
pendere to hang
appendix: An appendix is a dead end in the gut
depend: To depend is to rely on something
independent: An independent person is self-reliant
pendant: A pendant hangs from the neck
pending: Something pending is waiting to be done
pendulum: A pendulum is a swinging weight
suspense: A built up state of waiting is called suspense
phone sound
cacophony: A cacophony is a hideous noise
gramophone: A gramophone plays music from vinyl discs
microphone: A microphone is used to pick up sound
phonetics: The study of spoken language is called phonetics
symphony: A symphony is a big orchestral composition
telephone: You speak over a distance with a telephone
portare carry
export: We export cars to many countries
import: We import bananas because they don't grow here
portable: He takes his portable TV to bed
report: A report carries information
support: That shelf won't support your weight
press press
compress: To compress is to squash
express: It's hard to express how you feel sometimes
expression: Her face bore an expression of utter joy
impression: His polite manner made a good impression
impressive: The huge dinosaur left an impressive footprint
press: A bell will ring if you press this button
pressure: Too much air pressure bursts a balloon
vent come
adventure: Exploring the forest is quite an adventure
convent: A convent is a place where nuns live
event: Their wedding was a big family event
invent: You have to be creative to invent things
prevent: Brushing teeth helps prevent tooth decay
Diminutives
'..ette' diminutive
cassette:
A cassette is a handy way to buy musiccigarette: A cigarette is smaller than a cigar
courgette: A courgette is a baby marrow
maisonette: A maisonette is half house, half flat.
marionette: A marionette is a puppet on strings
serviette: I use my serviette to wipe my mouth
'..let' diminutive
booklet: The booklet tells you how to work the video
droplet: A droplet of water trickled down the window
leaflet: The salesman put a leaflet through the door
piglet: A piglet is a baby pig
ringlet: She gave him a ringlet of her hair
starlet: She was a starlet who had small parts in films
'..ling' diminutive
gosling: Duckling is to duck as gosling to goose
nestling: The baby cuckoo is the only nestling left
seedling: An acorn becomes a seedling and then an oak
underling: I want the person in charge, not an underling!
yearling: A horse under two years old is a yearling
'..ule' diminutive
capsule: A capsule of medicine can be hard to swallow
globule: A globule of sweat ran down her forehead
granule: A granule of sugar makes a feast for a fly
minuscule: This tiny book has minuscule print
module: Astronauts used a module to land on the Moon
molecule: The least water you can get is a single molecule
schedule: The plane left late but landed on schedule
'..ck' as in back
back: My dog brings back his ball
duck: The duck gave a quack
kick: She ran up to kick the ball
lock: He keeps a lock on his bike
luck: We need luck to win today
pack: It's time to pack for our holiday!
pick: I pick apples from the tree
sack: A big sack will hold a lot
sick: I ate so much I was sick!
tick: A tick means yes
Investigations
'c..' soft or hard?
candle:
She blew out every candle on her birthday cakecell: Deep in the castle was a dark prison cell
cellar: Cold steps led down to a chilly cellar
centre: A centre is a middle point
cinder: A red-hot cinder scorched the rug
cinema: Our new cinema has ten screens
coast: Sandy shores run along this coast
collar: We put Rover's name-tag on his collar
curly: A pig has a curly tail
cycle: I'll cycle over on my new bike
'k' on its own
beak: A bird pecks with its beak
brisk: A brisk walk will keep you fit
like: I like jam better than butter
milk: I put some milk in my tea
park: He jogs in the park each day
tank: Fish swam in the tank
week: Seven days make a week
'k' or hard 'c' at start?
cage: A songbird longs to fly from its cage
camera: The mugger was caught on a hidden camera
coat: Her coat was warm and made of wool
coffee: Do you prefer coffee, tea or neither?
kennel: Our dog lives in his kennel in the yard
kick: She ran up to kick the ball
kind: You were kind to help me out
'ss' in words
admission: The museum charges for admission
assistant: The conjuror pretended to saw his assistant in two
cassette: A cassette is a handy way to buy music
goodness: An apple is full of goodness
hiss: The balloon went down with a hiss
impressive: The huge dinosaur left an impressive footprint
missile: A rocket weapon is called a missile
misspell: If you spell this word right you won't misspell it
necessary: If necessary we will send a replacement
pressure: Too much air pressure bursts a balloon
senseless: It is senseless to eat when you are not hungry
'v' or 'f' in plurals?
beliefs: She shared her parents beliefs in old wives tales
chefs: Some chefs won't share their cooking secrets
chiefs: The chiefs of the tribes all met together
loaves: Half a loaf is better than no loaves at all
roofs: Here the roofs of houses have red tiles
shelves: It's on the lower shelf of the shelves by the window
thieves: The thief knew where the other thieves went
wolves: One wolf is the leader of a pack of wolves
'wa' in words
always: The sun always rises in the east
awake: Unable to sleep, he lay awake all night
beware: The princess knew to beware of dragons
forward: Many cars have five forward gears
swat: He tried to swat the wasp with a newspaper
towards: We walked towards the distant hills
unwanted: The poor unwanted teddy was rescued by a dustman
water: I'll run the water for a bath
'wo' in words
awoke: I had found a fortune but when I awoke it was only a dream
plywood: Thick sheets of plywood filled broken windows
sword: The knight held a sharp and shining sword
swore: The witness swore to tell the truth
two: We have one nose but two eyes
wobble: I felt my tooth wobble before it came out
woman: A woman is an adult female person
women: Mothers are women with children
won: The girl who ran the fastest won the race
worship: To worship is to pay deep respect
More suffixes
'..able'
acceptable:
Any shelter was acceptable in that stormbookable: Seats are bookable in advance
breakable: Glass windows are usually breakable
drinkable: Water from streams is not usually drinkable
enjoyable: Treats are enjoyable
reasonable: No reasonable request will be refused
'..ible'
accessible: Secret files are not accessible to the public
collapsible: Inflatable dinghies are also collapsible!
digestible: Humans don't find grass a digestible food
incredible: No one believed Gulliver's incredible story
responsible: The manager is responsible for choosing the team
reversible: She wore her reversible jacket furry side out
sensible: I trust you to make a sensible decision
visible: Saturn is visible to the naked eye
'..ive'
active: An active dog needs lots of walks
attractive: Only warthogs find other warthogs attractive
defective: A defective machine does not work
defensive: A defensive moat guarded the castle walls
effective: Hedgehog's spines make an effective defence
expensive: A diamond necklace is an expensive gift
impressive: The huge dinosaur left an impressive footprint
'..sion' confuse > confusion
confusion: Mixed messages cause confusion
fusion: Their music is a fusion of jazz and rock
precision: He exactly positioned each tile with precision
profusion: The stalls spilled over with a profusion of goods
revision: The run-up to the exams is time for serious revision
tension: The nerve-racking wait caused mounting tension
'..sion' divide > division
conclusion: A conclusion is an ending
decision: Picking the right chocolate can be a difficult decision
division: Sharing things out is division
explosion: An explosion is a chemical reaction that runs out of control
invasion: An invasion is when an army enters a country with hostile intent
persuasion: Lengthy persuasion changed dad's mind at last
'..tion' elect > election
collection: I would like this stamp for my collection
connection: You plug in the cable to make a connection
election: She was elected MP at the last election
exhibition: Local artists held an exhibition of their work
invention: The wheel was an early invention
suggestion: He made a brilliant suggestion for increasing sales
Spoken in different ways
sounds of 'ea'
already:
You can't have another sweet because you've already had onearea: The size of a surface is its area
beach: Blue seas lap this sandy beach
beautiful: The snow-covered mountain looked beautiful
bread: Fresh bread makes the best toast
cleaner: The classroom would be messy without our cleaner
idea: It is a good idea to get dressed before you go out
ocean: Whales dive deep in the ocean
reality: I nodded off and lost touch with reality
theatre: Inside the theatre, actors rehearsed on the stage
sounds of 'ear'
bear: Deep in the woods a grizzly bear growled
beard: His big bushy beard covered his tie
disappear: Soap powder makes dirt disappear
earth: From space the earth looks beautiful
endear: The baby's chuckle would endear her to Gran
linear: A straight line is linear
rehearse: Will you hear me rehearse my song?
search: A detective needs to search for clues
swear: In court we swear to tell the truth
wear: People wear shorts in the summer
sounds of 'ou'
adventurous: If you are not afraid of taking risks, you are adventurous
couple: Two of anything make a couple
double: The twins' dad called them double-trouble
ground: The ground felt firm beneath my feet
route: This map shows the shortest route from London to Liverpool
should: I should have trained then I would have won
shouted: He shouted for help at the top of his voice
wounded: An arrow wounded the stag as he fled
Sounds of 'ough'
although: He didn't cry although his hand hurt
bough: An owl sat on the bough of a tree
bought: I bought a short jacket from the market
cough: We cover our mouths when we cough
dough: You use dough to make pizza bases
drought: A drought is a time of no rain
enough: We have just enough milk for breakfast
nought: Write nought when there is nothing at all
plough: The oxen in the field pulled the plough
thorough: A thorough search leaves no stone unturned
through: Go through the gate to get in the field
sounds of 'our'
behaviour: The behaviour of chimps and humans is similar in many ways
colour: If everything was the same colour, life would be very dull
courtship: Giving flowers can be part of courtship
encourage: The crowd was singing to encourage the team
four: Chairs need four firm legs
fourteen: Ten plus four makes fourteen
hour: Sixty minutes make an hour
journey: It's a long journey from here to Timbuktu
Year 5 term 1
Appendix list 2 words
some nouns
baby:
My aunt's baby is only four weeks oldballoon: I'd love to go up in a hot-air balloon
birthday: Your birthday marks the day you were born
brother: Sister and brother went home together
children: The child ran to join the other children outside
clothes: We wore our best clothes to the wedding
garden: My garden has both weeds and flowers
head: Please turn your head and look at me
word: Now here is a word I can spell
work: Nurses work in hospitals
world: The world is the planet on which we live
useful words 2
great: The gorilla is one of the great apes
happy: She is happy on her birthday
heard: I heard a great new song today
something: The box held something rather heavy
sure: Monday is sure to follow Sunday
swimming: He is swimming under the water
those: These apples are sweet but those are sour
Prefixes
'auto..'
autograph:
An autograph is a signatureautomatic: If something is automatic it works by itself
automobile: An automobile is a word for motor car
autopilot: The autopilot on a plane will fly the plane by itself
'bi.., bin..' twice
bicycle: Now she can ride her bicycle without stabilisers
binary: The binary system counts in twos
binoculars: You can use binoculars to see things far away
biscuit: The dog sat up and begged for a biscuit
'circum..'
circumference: The outside of a circle is its circumference
circumscribe: To circumscribe something is to put limits on it
circumstance: A circumstance affects something
circumvent: To circumvent something is to get round it
'tele..' far
telegram: A telegram is a message sent by telegraph
telepathy: Using only your mind to communicate is called telepathy
telephone: You speak over a distance with a telephone
telescope: A telescope magnifies distant objects
television: A television receives pictures from afar
'trans..'
transatlantic: Something over the Atlantic Ocean is transatlantic
transfer: To transfer is to move something from one place to another
transform: To transform is to change shape
translate: To put words into another language is to translate
transmit: To transmit a programme is to send it out on radio or TV
transparent: Something which can be seen through is transparent
transport: My bike is both transport and exercise
Rules for plurals
baby > babies
babies:
Two babies yowl louder than onecities: Our cities suffer from too much traffic
daisies: How many daisies make a daisy chain?
families: Many families go on holiday together
pennies: She saved her pennies until she made a pound
ponies: Lots of ponies entered the pony show
puppies: The smallest puppy joined the other puppies
stories: There are three great stories in this book
half > halves
halves: Football is a game of two halves
knives: Bring knives, forks, spoons and a bread knife
loaves: Half a loaf is better than no loaves at all
shelves: It's on the lower shelf of the shelves by the window
thieves: The thief knew where the other thieves went
wives: King Henry had six wives
wolves: One wolf is the leader of a pack of wolves
hero > heroes
cargoes: The ships carried cargoes of tea and spices
dominoes: A set of dominoes has twenty-eight tiles
echoes: Their voices made echoes inside the cavern
heroes: Our winning team came home heroes
potatoes: Chips are sliced and fried potatoes
tomatoes: Are tomatoes fruit or vegetables?
volcanoes: Mounts Etna and Vesuvius are volcanoes
irregular plurals
children: The child ran to join the other children outside
feet: She had no shoes on her feet
geese: This golden goose differs from ordinary geese
lice: Two lice are twice the price of a single louse
men: Two men helped the young man to safety
mice: The mouse had a family of baby mice
salmon: I saw two salmon leap up a waterfall
sheep: I counted sheep yet couldn't sleep
teeth: The tooth fairy didn't come for any of my teeth
women: Mothers are women with children
kilo > kilos
embryos: Unborn animals are known as embryos
kilos: How many kilos do you weigh?
photos: I have put my photos in this album
pianos: Two pianists played on separate pianos
radios: TV's are usually more expensive than radios
solos: The solos were sung by each singer in turn
videos: Video recorders are often called videos
kiss > kisses
boxes: I'll just pile this box on top of these boxes
brushes: She put her clean brush with the other brushes
coaches: Our coach was the first of the six coaches
kisses: Her letter ends with a row of kisses
matches: Lots of matches fit in a matchbox
monkey > monkeys
boys: All men were once boys
guys: The dummies made for bonfires are called guys
keys: Locks are opened with keys
monkeys: Playful monkeys were swinging by their tails
toys: The toyshop was piled high with toys
trays: The twins had breakfast in bed on trays
ways: There are lots of ways to play cards
Word roots, derivations, etc.
'..ly' loud > loudly
bravely:
Firemen bravely fight fireslonely: Crusoe was lonely on the desert island
loudly: A big voice boomed loudly through the room
lovely: It was a lovely day and the sun shone bright
only: I have only one sweet left
quietly: Tiptoe quietly in without a word
silently: He did not cry out but suffered silently
slowly: A slug slowly slithered across the path
suddenly: The door suddenly burst open
annus year
anniversary: A birthday is an anniversary
annual: An annual event happens once a year
annuity: A payment every year is called an annuity
biennial: A biennial event happens every two years
perennial: A perennial plant flowers for years
building similar words
climb: You must clamber over rocks to climb that slope
medicine: Medical help can include medicine
rehearse: Will you hear me rehearse my song?
sign: The signal was a sign they had heard us
two: A twin is one of two
cavus hollow
cave: A cave is an underground hollow
cavity: A hole in a tooth is a cavity
concave: A concave mirror curves inwards
excavate: The bulldozers rolled in to excavate the site
from mythical characters
atlas: An atlas is called after a man with the globe on his back
cereal: Ceres, Roman goddess of growing plants, leads to cereal
hygiene: The word hygiene is from Hygieia, Greek goddess of health
martial: A martial art like karate recalls Mars, Roman god of war
music: The Muses were Greek goddesses of the arts, hence music
panic: The god Pan was said to have the power to cause panic
titanic: A titanic struggle has the strength of Titans, early Greek gods
volcano: The volcano comes from Vulcan, Roman god of fire
from people's names
cardigans: Guess which earl issued cardigans to his regiment
diesel: Guess which engineer invented the diesel engine
sandwiches: Guess which earl ate sandwiches while playing cards
wellingtons: Guess which duke first wore wellingtons
from places
academy: Plato taught at Akademia in Athens, hence academy
canter: Pilgrims to Canterbury rode at a canter, an easy pace
currant: Corinth was the original source of the currant
denim: Cloth from Nimes was called 'de Nimes', now denim
indigo: The colour indigo suggests a dye from India
port: Strong wine from Oporto in Portugal is called port
swede: The swede is a turnip from Sweden
tangerine: The tangerine was shipped from the port of Tangiers
mittere, missum send
admission: The museum charges for admission
commission: Players pay their agent a commission
missile: A rocket weapon is called a missile
missionary: A missionary is sent to teach a faith
omission: It was a sad omission, leaving Eric out of the team
permission: To allow something is to give permission
transmission: A radio broadcast is a transmission
words with unusual histories
confetti: Small sweets called confetti were thrown at Italian weddings
diary: Roman soldiers' daily food 'diarium' was noted in a diary
omnibus: The omnibus, Latin 'for all', is usually known as bus
salary: A salary was a Roman soldier's salt allowance
tawdry: St. Audrey's Fair in Ely was known for cheap and tawdry goods
tennis: Servers in old tennis once shouted 'tenez' in warning
Words ending with vowels
'..a' as in banana
banana:
Have you ever seen a straight banana?camera: The mugger was caught on a hidden camera
cinema: Our new cinema has ten screens
cocoa: My bedtime drink is a mug of cocoa
saga: The saga of his voyage took ages to tell
umbrella: There is shelter for two under my umbrella
vanilla: My favourite ice cream is vanilla with a flake
zebra: A zebra crossing has black and white stripes
'..ea' as in idea
area: The size of a surface is its area
idea: It is a good idea to get dressed before you go out
nausea: The waltzers gave me an attack of nausea
panacea: A panacea is a cure for everything
rhea: A rhea is like an ostrich, but from South America
'..ee' as in coffee
chimpanzee: The chimpanzee is our closest animal relative
coffee: Do you prefer coffee, tea or neither?
committee: A committee meets to plan and decide things
degree: The temperature rose by one degree
guarantee: My watch has a ten-year guarantee
jubilee: Twenty-five years on, the school held its silver jubilee
pedigree: A pedigree dog belongs to a breed
toffee: The dentist says toffee is bad for my teeth
'..i' as in taxi
alibi: An alibi means being elsewhere at the time of a crime
fungi: Mushrooms and toadstools are fungi
graffiti: You often see graffiti sprayed on subway walls
hi-fi: This CD sounds great on our new hi-fi
macaroni: Do you like macaroni cheese?
safari: Which wild animals did you see on safari?
spaghetti: spaghetti is a pasta, Italian for bits of string
taxi: We took a taxi because there was no bus
'..o' as in potato
cargo: A supertanker carries a cargo of crude oil
echo: Shout and the cave will echo your voice
hero: Superman is the hero of all his adventures
photo: She kept his photo in a silver frame
potato: Do you prefer potato mashed or baked?
tomato: A tomato is a red fruit used as a vegetable
volcano: A volcano is a vent from which molten rock or steam is ejected
zero: The value of zero is nothing
'..oo' as in bamboo
bamboo: A stick of bamboo comes from a type of grass
cuckoo: The cuckoo lays her eggs in other birds' nests
hullabaloo: With such a hullabaloo their party was stopped
igloo: An igloo is a dome-shaped house of snow
shampoo: Babies cry when shampoo gets in their eyes
tattoo: A tattoo is a permanent picture on the skin
'..u' as in menu
caribou: The caribou is a North American reindeer
emu: The emu is like an ostrich but lives in Australia
flu: Getting flu is much worse than having a cold
gnu: The gnu and the wildebeest are the same animal
impromptu: An impromptu speech is unprepared
menu: We needed the menu to choose our food
tutu: The tutu is a short white dress for a ballerina
Year 5 term 2
Appendix list 2 words
some nouns 2
earth:
From space the earth looks beautifuleyes: Your eyes are for seeing
father: A father is somebody's dad
friends: Family, friends and neighbours all visit us at Christmas
lady: A wicked lord and his lady once lived at The Hall
money: All my money fell out of my purse
mother: A mum is a mother
paper: Someone had scribbled on every sheet of paper
sister: My sister has her own room
window: She gazed through the green glass window
useful words 4
important: It is important to look before crossing the road
light: I switched on the light as it became dark
own: I wish I had a pet of my very own
small: A small button fits a tiny hole
sound: No sound came from the silent house
white: Fresh snow looks white
whole: The egg was whole before he sat on it
why: Tell me why she is not here
Differing pronunciations
sounds of 'ea'
already:
You can't have another sweet because you've already had onearea: The size of a surface is its area
beach: Blue seas lap this sandy beach
beautiful: The snow-covered mountain looked beautiful
bread: Fresh bread makes the best toast
cleaner: The classroom would be messy without our cleaner
idea: It is a good idea to get dressed before you go out
ocean: Whales dive deep in the ocean
reality: I nodded off and lost touch with reality
theatre: Inside the theatre, actors rehearsed on the stage
sounds of 'ear'
bear: Deep in the woods a grizzly bear growled
beard: His big bushy beard covered his tie
disappear: Soap powder makes dirt disappear
earth: From space the earth looks beautiful
endear: The baby's chuckle would endear her to Gran
linear: A straight line is linear
rehearse: Will you hear me rehearse my song?
search: A detective needs to search for clues
swear: In court we swear to tell the truth
wear: People wear shorts in the summer
sounds of 'oo'
balloon: I'd love to go up in a hot-air balloon
childhood: The old man's thoughts turned back to his childhood
cooperate: Let's cooperate and share the work
door: Knock on the door and go in
floor: Their wooden floor had no carpet
foolish: Don't I look foolish with this silly clown's nose?
shampoo: Babies cry when shampoo gets in their eyes
wooden: Cooks often use a wooden spoon
sounds of 'ou'
adventurous: If you are not afraid of taking risks, you are adventurous
couple: Two of anything make a couple
double: The twins' dad called them double-trouble
ground: The ground felt firm beneath my feet
route: This map shows the shortest route from London to Liverpool
should: I should have trained then I would have won
shouted: He shouted for help at the top of his voice
wounded: An arrow wounded the stag as he fled
Sounds of 'ough'
although: He didn't cry although his hand hurt
bough: An owl sat on the bough of a tree
bought: I bought a short jacket from the market
cough: We cover our mouths when we cough
dough: You use dough to make pizza bases
drought: A drought is a time of no rain
enough: We have just enough milk for breakfast
nought: Write nought when there is nothing at all
plough: The oxen in the field pulled the plough
thorough: A thorough search leaves no stone unturned
through: Go through the gate to get in the field
sounds of 'our'
behaviour: The behaviour of chimps and humans is similar in many ways
colour: If everything was the same colour, life would be very dull
courtship: Giving flowers can be part of courtship
encourage: The crowd was singing to encourage the team
four: Chairs need four firm legs
fourteen: Ten plus four makes fourteen
hour: Sixty minutes make an hour
journey: It's a long journey from here to Timbuktu
Homophones
3-way homophones
their:
The kittens lost their mittensthere: We're standing here but the bus stops over there
they're: My parents think they're really cool.
to: I went to the fair
too: My two cats are too lazy to go out
two: We have one nose but two eyes
consonant phonemes
hole: The pirate dug a hole to hide his gold
knew: After just one lesson I knew how to skate
know: I know that tomorrow never comes!
new: I would like a new bike for my birthday
no: Shake your head for no
one: We have two eyes and one nose
right: Ticks mean all your sums are right
wear: People wear shorts in the summer
where: Just here is where I sit
whole: The egg was whole before he sat on it
won: The girl who ran the fastest won the race
write: I want to write him a letter
long phoneme 'ai'
grate: You can grate cheese with a grater
great: The gorilla is one of the great apes
rain: They all got wet in the rain
reign: Queen Victoria's reign lasted sixty-five years
rein: The rider led her horse by a rein
wait: We did not wait long for the bus
way: Can you tell me the way to town?
weigh: I had to weigh some flour for a cake-mix
weight: You must be strong to lift such a weight
long phoneme 'air'
bare: The leaves have fallen and the trees are bare
bear: Deep in the woods a grizzly bear growled
pair: He always wore a pair of trainers
pear: I could not bear to leave that pear unpicked
stair: Each stair creaked as she crept up to bed
stare: People would stare at a flying pig
their: The kittens lost their mittens
there: We're standing here but the bus stops over there
long phoneme 'ee'
flea: A flea is a tiny insect that feeds on blood
flee: The soldiers turned to flee from the enemy
meat: Butchers sell meat
meet: Let's meet up at seven under the clock
peace: The dove is a symbol of peace
piece: Would you like a piece of pie?
read: This book is good to read
reed: The roof was well thatched, each reed in its place
long phoneme 'oa'
loan: These library books are on loan
lone: One lone tree remained after the forest fire
road: The long road led to the hills
rowed: Six oarsmen rowed the boat to shore
sew: I would sew a new button on my coat if could
so: The car won't start so we must push it
long phoneme 'or'
board: The teacher wrote on the board
bored: I'm so bored with nothing to do
for: A pen is for writing
four: Chairs need four firm legs
saw: He looked up and saw the moon
sore: Her throat was so sore she could hardly speak
phoneme 'n'
knew: After just one lesson I knew how to skate
knight: The brave knight rode a black horse
knot: I tied the rope with a firm knot.
know: I know that tomorrow never comes!
new: I would like a new bike for my birthday
night: All that night the moon shone bright
no: Shake your head for no
not: I do not like being lost
phoneme 'r'
rap: Please rap my door loudly to wake me up
right: Ticks mean all your sums are right
ring: She has a ring on her finger
wrap: I must wrap his present neatly
wring: My wrists were too weak to wring out the cloth
write: I want to write him a letter
phoneme 's'
cereal: Ceres, Roman goddess of growing plants, leads to cereal
licence: A TV licence allows you to watch live programmes
license: The people at Swansea will license your car
practice: The choir needed a long practice before the performance
practise: You could sing like me if you practise hard
serial: A serial is a drama split into several episodes
spellings of '..ole'
bold: The brave man took another bold step
bowled: He bowled a ball and all the skittles fell
hold: The vet let me hold the dog in my arms
hole: The pirate dug a hole to hide his gold
holed: The wrecked ship was badly holed
sole: There's a hole in the sole of her shoe
soul: Your secret is safe; I won't tell a soul
whole: The egg was whole before he sat on it
vowel phonemes
peace: The dove is a symbol of peace
piece: Would you like a piece of pie?
some: Most birds can fly and some can swim
sum: This sum gets a tick
threw: She threw the ball for me to catch
through: Go through the gate to get in the field
wood: She wants some wood to build a boat
would: I would rather fly than walk
you're: I'm so pleased you're here!
your: Clap your hands if you like the show
Possessive pronouns
possessive pronouns
mine:
What I own is mine and no-one else'smy: I eat the chips and lick my lips
our: We are five in our family
ours: They defend their goal while we defend ours
their: The kittens lost their mittens
theirs: We defend our goal while they defend theirs
your: Clap your hands if you like the show
yours: What you own is yours, not mine
Spelling patterns of consonants
'..ed' hop > hopped
grabbed:
He threw the rope and she grabbed ithopped: He hopped as far as he could in one jump
knitted: I'm wearing the jumper Gran knitted for me
nodded: She nodded her head to say yes
slammed: As he marched out he slammed the door
sunned: The cat sunned herself in the warm sun
'..ing' grin > grinning
grinning: She was grinning from ear to ear
panicking: She is panicking because she has not done the work
referring: I was referring to your brother, not you
travelling: I was travelling by train
'ce' as in cell
audience: The audience clapped as the play ended
cell: Deep in the castle was a dark prison cell
dance: Do try to dance in time to the music
force: The force of the gale made cars overturn
mice: The mouse had a family of baby mice
race: The fastest runner wins the race
service: Buses provide a useful service
space: Travel in space can go far beyond Earth
surface: The pond had ice on its surface
twice: Sing Happy Birthday twice for twins
'ci' as in city
acid: Vinegar has a sharp acid taste
cigarette: A cigarette is smaller than a cigar
cinder: A red-hot cinder scorched the rug
cinema: Our new cinema has ten screens
circus: The circus was held in a huge tent
citrus: Lemons, limes and oranges are citrus fruits
city: Tall buildings line the streets of a city
civil: Polite people give civil replies
civilian: The civilian wore jeans, the soldier a uniform
'ge' as in cage
angel: An angel is a heavenly messenger
cage: A songbird longs to fly from its cage
garage: Our car goes in the garage overnight
general: The general commands his army
hinge: The old door was hanging by a single hinge
huge: A shoe looks huge to an ant
orange: Cut an orange and juice spurts out
stage: The curtains parted to reveal the stage
strange: The message was strange and puzzling
'gi' as in giant
giant: Next to the giant she looks so small
gin: He asked the barman for a gin
ginger: Bits of ginger make a cake hot
magic: By magic her rags became a fine gown
origin: I know the origin of the rumour because I made it up
original: An original painting isn't a copy
rigid: Something is rigid if it is not flexible
red > redder > reddest
bigger: An elephant is bigger than a mouse
biggest: How big is the biggest turkey ever?
hotter: The fire is hot and it is getting hotter
hottest: How hot was the hottest day ever?
redder: As they ran their red faces turned redder
reddest: Poppies are the reddest flowers of all
Suffixes
'..ance'
allowance:
I would like an allowance for buying clothesappearance: Twins are often alike in appearance
attendance: School attendance is compulsory
clearance: The shop had a clearance sale before it closed down
disturbance: The low-flying aircraft caused a disturbance
performance: The play's first performance is tonight
'..ant'
hesitant: A baby's first steps are hesitant
ignorant: She was ignorant of the rules and committed a foul
important: It is important to look before crossing the road
significant: A fingerprint is a significant clue
triumphant: The winners came home triumphant
'..cian'
beautician: A beautician advised her on her make-up
electrician: An electrician re-wired the house
magician: The magician took a rabbit from his hat
musician: A musician may play many kinds of music
optician: The optician told me I needed glasses
politician: A politician is a person engaged in politics
'..ence'
difference: There is a difference between apples and pears
evidence: The burglar left little evidence behind him
presence: She never swore in her mother's presence
reference: Look up more details in a reference book
silence: The absence of sound is silence
'..ent'
absorbent: You mop up spills with an absorbent cloth
different: Apples are different from oranges
excellent: Ten out of ten is an excellent result
independent: An independent person is self-reliant
persistent: Her persistent coughing never stopped
urgent: I have an urgent message to go home at once
'..er'
builder: The builder built his own house
cleaner: The classroom would be messy without our cleaner
farmer: The farmer made hay for his animals
painter: A good painter takes care of her brushes
speaker: The speaker at the rally inspired many people
teacher: Our teacher needs lots of patience
worker: An ant is a very hard worker
'..ment'
advertisement: An advertisement tries to attract your attention
development: Space travel is a recent development
measurement: A measurement finds the size of something
movement: Lots of movement will keep you fit
payment: One more payment and the guitar is mine
treatment: Rest is a treatment for flu
'..or'
actor: A good actor can play many parts
decorator: I need a decorator to paper this room
director: Steven Spielberg is a famous director
editor: The editor decides what goes in the paper
narrator: The narrator is the one who tells the tale
sailor: A sailor is seldom sick at sea
sculptor: This stone statue is the work of a sculptor
visitor: I can't show you the way as I'm just a visitor
'..ous'
bulbous: Frogs have bulbous eyes
dangerous: It's dangerous to walk on thin ice
murderous: The monster attacked with murderous intent
poisonous: The death-cap is a poisonous toadstool
thunderous: Waves crashed ashore with a thunderous roar
Year 5 term 3
'i before e' rules
'cei' as in receive
ceiling:
A single light hung down from the ceilingconceited: You're conceited if you think you're better than us
conceive: They tried to conceive a plan for their escape
deceit: The old cheat lived a life of deceit
receipt: You get a receipt when you pay the bill
receive: Every winner will receive a prize
'i before e' exceptions
ancient: The ancient monument was built six hundred years ago
glacier: A glacier is a river of ice
height: The height measures the vertical extent of an object
leisure: The opposite of work is leisure
neighbour: I often pop next door to see my neighbour
neither: A jellyfish is neither crisp or crunchy
reindeer: In Lapland I saw reindeer pull a sleigh
science: Biology is the science of life
weight: You must be strong to lift such a weight
'ie' as in field
brief: A nap is a brief sleep
chief: Sitting Bull was a brave chief
field: She keeps her pony in this field
grief: She wept in grief
shield: His shield should protect him from arrows
shriek: His joke spider made Mum shriek
thief: A thief took all my cash
More prefixes
'il..' as negative
illegal:
Something illegal is against the lawillegible: Writing which is impossible to read is illegible
illicit: If something is illicit it is not allowed
illogical: If something is against reason it is illogical
'im..' as negative
immature: The seedlings are too immature to plant outside
immortal: Would you like to be immortal and never die?
impatient: The crowd was impatient for kick-off
imperfect: Garments with a fault are sold as imperfect
impolite: He was far too kind to be impolite
impossible: Life on the sun could well be impossible
'in..' as negative
inactive: The old volcano has long been inactive
incredible: No one believed Gulliver's incredible story
indignity: What an indignity when his trousers fell down
inhuman: A cry rang out, unearthly and inhuman
insincere: An insincere person does not mean what they say
invalid: Unsigned cheques are invalid
'ir..' as negative
irrational: To be irrational is to think without reason
irregular: Something which is irregular is not in order
irrelevant: If something is irrelevant it is unrelated to the subject
irreplaceable: There is no substitute for something irreplaceable
irresistible: Something irresistible cannot be stopped
irresponsible: An irresponsible act is a careless act
irreversible: Something irreversible cannot be changed back
'pro..'
product: A product is something that is made
projector: A projector is used to put a film on the big screen
propose: I would like to propose some changes
protest: A letter of protest set out their complaints
provide: Flowers provide bees with nectar
'sus..'
suspect: A suspect is somebody under suspicion of wrongdoing
suspense: A built up state of waiting is called suspense
suspicious: To be suspicious is to have doubts about something
sustain: To sustain something is to keep it going
Noun to verb suffixes
'..en'
lengthen:
Let down the cuffs to lengthen the sleevesstrengthen: I used weights to strengthen my muscles
'..ify'
beautify: To make something more beautiful is to beautify
glorify: To glorify is to praise something highly
mummify: Ancient Egyptians would mummify, or preserve, their dead
notify: You will receive a letter to notify you of the appointment
signify: A flag at half-mast will signify someone's death
solidify: To solidify is to turn into a solid state
'..ise'
fossilise: It took layers of sediment to fossilise the remains
idolise: To idolise a person is to think of them as an idol
itemise: To make lists of things is to itemise
legalise: To legalise is to make something legal
patronise: To patronise is to talk down to somebody
Prefixes of negation
'il..' as negative
illegal:
Something illegal is against the lawillegible: Writing which is impossible to read is illegible
illicit: If something is illicit it is not allowed
illogical: If something is against reason it is illogical
'im..'
imbalance: An imbalance exists between rich and poor nations
immaculate: His crisp white shirt looked immaculate
immediate: A drowning man needs immediate help
immense: The extent of the sea is immense
immune: The immune system protects the body from infection
impede: Thick weed in the canal would impede our boat
'un..' as negative
uncertain: She felt uncertain which frog to kiss
unfair: It's unfair to give her a bigger cake
unfriendly: The unfriendly folk next door don't speak
unknown: His hideaway was unknown to the police
unsafe: That rickety chair is unsafe
untidy: Rubbish makes the place untidy
untrue: Her made-up tale was quite untrue
unwell: He felt so unwell he went to bed
'un..' as undoing actions
uncover: He pulled off the cloth to uncover the statue
undo: Do you undo your laces to take off your trainers?
unearth: The dog dug deep to unearth his bone
unload: They had to unload the boxes off the truck
untwist: You untwist the paper to get the toffee
unwrap: I tore the paper to unwrap my present
Rules for endings
'..ed' cry > cried
cried:
Everyone cried at the weepy old filmdried: I dried the dog with my towel
fried: He fried his egg in the frying pan
hurried: They hurried to get to the match on time
married: The bride and groom have just got married
worried: I worried until my test results arrived
'..ely' safe > safely
bravely: Firemen bravely fight fires
closely: Watch closely and you'll miss nothing
lively: A lively person is cheerful and energetic
lonely: Crusoe was lonely on the desert island
lovely: It was a lovely day and the sun shone bright
nicely: This shelf fits nicely into this space
safely: Safety rules help us to do things safely
widely: Famous films are widely known
'..ful' care > careful
careful: She was careful to keep to the office routine
grateful: Thank you, I'm so grateful for your help
hopeful: I'm not sure of winning but I'm hopeful
peaceful: After the war, life became peaceful and calm
plateful: I'd like another spoonful, not another plateful!
tuneful: A blackbird has a tuneful song
useful: I never throw useful things away
wakeful: A night-watchman must remain wakeful
'..ing' care > caring
caring: I was caring for my cousin's cat
coming: Mother is coming to see us tomorrow
hoping: I'm hoping Mum won't be mad
moving: We're moving away next week
writing: The children were writing a letter home
'..s' cry > cries
carries: The waiter carries a tray of drinks
cries: My sister cries at weepy old films
dries: Hot air dries wet hair
hurries: Everyone hurries to get to the match in time
worries: My mum worries about me when I'm late home
'..ying, ..yly' cry > crying
carrying: I put on the coat I was carrying
crying: The baby was crying for his milk
gratifying: We all find praise very gratifying
shyly: The timid child shyly whispered his name
tidying: I can go out after tidying my room
Shortened words
contractions
could've:
The short form of could have is could'veo'clock: Nine o'clock was once nine of the clock
shan't: The short form of shall not is shan't
shouldn't: The short form of should not is shouldn't
they'd: The short form of they had or they would is they'd
they're: My parents think they're really cool.
they've: The short form of they have is they've
from acronyms
laser: Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation is laser
nylon: Manufacture of nylon began in New York and LONdon
quango: Quasi-Autonomous Non-Governmental Organisation is quango
quasar: QUAsi-StellAr Radio source makes quasar
radar: RAdio Detecting And Ranging makes radar
scuba: Self-Contained Underwater Breathing Apparatus is scuba
sonar: SOund Navigation And Ranging makes sonar
yuppie: Young Upwardly-mobile Professional leads to yuppie
shortened words
exam: Which sounds worse, exam or examination?
fridge: It is easier to say fridge than refrigerator
navvy: The navvy was the 'navigator' who dug canal navigations
taxicab: A taxicab or cab was once a 'taximeter cabriolet'
telly: It is easier to say telly than television
zoo: A zoo was once called a zoological garden
Suffixes of comparison
'..ish' fool > foolish
babyish:
Five-year-olds think four-year-olds are babyishdarkish: My hair's darkish brown, not black
fiendish: The angry demon gave a fiendish howl
foolish: Don't I look foolish with this silly clown's nose?
greenish: The sea was more greenish than blueish
outlandish: The band were notorious for their outlandish clothes
smallish: I'll just have a smallish piece of cake
easy > easier >easiest
easier: It is an easy walk but an easier ride by bus
easiest: The simplest work is often the easiest
funnier: Your jokes may be funny but mine are funnier
funniest: He was the funniest comedian in the show
happier: I am happier in jeans than in a suit
happiest: The happiest cat was the one who got the cream
healthier: Walking is healthier than driving
healthiest: Well-balanced meals are the healthiest
late > later > latest
fiercer: A cat is fiercer than a mouse
fiercest: A tiger is fiercest when defending her cubs
larger: As you grow up you need larger clothes
largest: Which animal has the largest feet?
simpler: A hut is simpler than a palace
simplest: The simplest ideas are often the best
whiter: Which detergent washes whiter than white?
whitest: The whitest shirt had no marks at all
old > older
deeper: If the North Sea is deep, the Atlantic is deeper
higher: Snowdon is high but Everest is higher
longer: His arms are long, but his legs are longer
older: That huge old oak is older than any of us
smaller: A mosquito is small but a midge is smaller
taller: Are you taller than your parents?
younger: A grandson is always much younger than his grandfather
old > oldest
deepest: How deep is the deepest ocean?
fastest: Who is the fastest runner of all?
highest: Which is the highest mountain?
longest: How long is the longest river?
oldest: How old is the oldest pyramid?
smallest: How small is the smallest house?
tallest: How tall is the tallest building?
youngest: How young was the youngest England footballer ever?
red > redder > reddest
bigger: An elephant is bigger than a mouse
biggest: How big is the biggest turkey ever?
hotter: The fire is hot and it is getting hotter
hottest: How hot was the hottest day ever?
redder: As they ran their red faces turned redder
reddest: Poppies are the reddest flowers of all
Tense-changing suffixes
'..ed' cry > cried
cried:
Everyone cried at the weepy old filmdried: I dried the dog with my towel
fried: He fried his egg in the frying pan
hurried: They hurried to get to the match on time
married: The bride and groom have just got married
worried: I worried until my test results arrived
'..ed' date > dated
amused: We were amused by his witty cartoons
dared: No-one dared move for fear of rocking the boat
dated: She dated the letter at the top
droned: The dreary voice droned on and on
hoped: My birthday was as good as I had hoped
moved: New neighbours have moved in next door
'..ed' radio > radioed
echoed: Voices echoed through the empty cave
radioed: 'Mayday, Mayday' radioed the stranded ship
vetoed: The boss vetoed any plan he disapproved of
videoed: We videoed last night's film to watch tonight
'..ed' sounding as "d"
growled: The watch dog growled a low warning
poured: He poured the tea into two large mugs
rained: It rained all day and we were soaked
sailed: His ship sailed on the tide
showed: She opened the book and showed them the picture
teamed: The tennis players teamed up into pairs
'..ed' sounding as "ed"
crowded: We crowded into the tiny room
delighted: We were delighted to hear your good news
greeted: She greeted me with a hug
mended: She mended the puncture and rode away
painted: I painted the picture you see on the wall
shouted: He shouted for help at the top of his voice
waited: I waited for ages for him to turn up
wounded: An arrow wounded the stag as he fled
'..ed' sounding as "t"
asked: My mother asked thousands of questions
crashed: The runaway train crashed into the buffers
dressed: He dressed and came downstairs
jumped: He jumped into the lake
puffed: He huffed and he puffed and he blew the house down
reached: At long last they reached their journey's end
'..ing' rub > rubbing
digging: I'll dig where I was digging yesterday
getting: I'm getting too big for my clothes
hopping: If you try to run with one leg you are hopping
rubbing: Aladdin was rubbing the lamp to clean it
swimming: He is swimming under the water
'..ing' care > caring
caring: I was caring for my cousin's cat
coming: Mother is coming to see us tomorrow
hoping: I'm hoping Mum won't be mad
moving: We're moving away next week
writing: The children were writing a letter home
'..ing' grin > grinning
grinning: She was grinning from ear to ear
panicking: She is panicking because she has not done the work
referring: I was referring to your brother, not you
travelling: I was travelling by train
'..ing' visit > visiting
carpeting: I was carpeting the floor when I lost my mouse
happening: Darkness hid what was happening
limiting: I am limiting myself to one sweet a day
targeting: The girls were targeting water-pistols at the boys
visiting: I can't show you the way as I'm just visiting
'..ing' wait > waiting
carrying: I put on the coat I was carrying
dreaming: I'm dreaming of winning the lottery
going: We are going to the fair
standing: Your elephant is standing on my toe
waiting: I'll be waiting all day for the phone to ring
'..ing' with eye ..ie ..o ..oe
echoing: Their voices were echoing through the cavern
eyeing: A hungry boy was eyeing cakes in the window
hoeing: He was hoeing his garden to keep down weeds
lying: She was lying in bed till noon
radioing: The captain is radioing for help
shoeing: The blacksmith was shoeing the horse in the yard
tying: I am tying the parcel with string
vetoing: The boss says he is vetoing the plan
Unstressed vowels
'schwa' sound
carpet:
A green carpet covered the floorcompany: Come and keep me company on my walk
description: A description tells in detail what something is
extra: She missed the lesson and had to do extra work
freedom: An uncaged bird has freedom to fly
interesting: Your voyage to the Antarctic sounds very interesting
poisonous: The death-cap is a poisonous toadstool
portable: He takes his portable TV to bed
Verb to noun suffixes
'..age'
blockage:
The leaves in the drain caused the blockagecoverage: The coverage of the news item was very thorough
leakage: The leakage from the gas pipe caused the explosion
passage: The passage to her house was very dark at night
postage: A stamp is there to pay the postage
wastage: There is wastage when some of the fruit is bad
'..ance'
allowance: I would like an allowance for buying clothes
appearance: Twins are often alike in appearance
attendance: School attendance is compulsory
clearance: The shop had a clearance sale before it closed down
disturbance: The low-flying aircraft caused a disturbance
performance: The play's first performance is tonight
'..ant'
assistant: The conjuror pretended to saw his assistant in two
attendant: An attendant cleans the toilets every hour
descendant: Prince Charles is a descendant of Queen Victoria
immigrant: The immigrant settled well into his new country
informant: An informant led the police to the stolen goods
inhabitant: The kangaroo is an inhabitant of Australia
servant: A soldier is the servant of his country
'..er'
builder: The builder built his own house
cleaner: The classroom would be messy without our cleaner
farmer: The farmer made hay for his animals
painter: A good painter takes care of her brushes
speaker: The speaker at the rally inspired many people
teacher: Our teacher needs lots of patience
worker: An ant is a very hard worker
'..ion'
collection: I would like this stamp for my collection
decoration: Let's put flowers on the table as decoration
discussion: We exchanged ideas in friendly discussion
election: She was elected MP at the last election
exhibition: Local artists held an exhibition of their work
invention: The wheel was an early invention
promotion: We're top of the league and so get promotion
revision: The run-up to the exams is time for serious revision
'..ism'
criticism: Informed opinions make useful criticism
hypnotism: To create a trance-like state is hypnotism
idealism: To believe in ideals is idealism
mechanism: A clockwork mouse has a complex mechanism
realism: Thinking and acting on the facts is realism
terrorism: The use of violence for political ends is terrorism
vandalism: The senseless destruction of things is vandalism
'..ment'
advertisement: An advertisement tries to attract your attention
development: Space travel is a recent development
measurement: A measurement finds the size of something
movement: Lots of movement will keep you fit
payment: One more payment and the guitar is mine
treatment: Rest is a treatment for flu
'..or'
actor: A good actor can play many parts
decorator: I need a decorator to paper this room
director: Steven Spielberg is a famous director
editor: The editor decides what goes in the paper
narrator: The narrator is the one who tells the tale
sailor: A sailor is seldom sick at sea
sculptor: This stone statue is the work of a sculptor
visitor: I can't show you the way as I'm just a visitor
Words from other languages
words from Arabic
alcohol:
Beer, wines and spirits all contain alcoholhazard: A hazard is a danger or risk
mattress: You will sleep better with a comfortable mattress
sofa: A sofa is a long and cosy seat with arms and back
words from Dutch
brandy: The spirit made from wine is called brandy
buoy: A buoy is a floating mark to guide shipping
easel: An artist supports his painting on an easel
skipper: The skipper is the man in charge of a boat
snoop: To pry into other people's business is to snoop
yacht: A yacht is a boat which is used for pleasure
words from French
bouquet: The bunch of flowers held by a bride is a bouquet
duvet: A duvet covers a bed to keep you warm
mayonnaise: Egg yolk, oil and vinegar make mayonnaise
meringue: Egg beaten with sugar and baked makes a meringue
queue: A long queue looks a bit like a tail
souvenir: A souvenir is an object to remind you of a place
words from Gaelic
bard: A bard would sing verses in praise of his chief
clan: A clan is an extended family group
slogan: An often-repeated phrase in commercials makes a slogan
whiskey: Irish or American whiskey is spelled like this
whisky: Scottish whisky is spelled like this
words from German
dachshund: Sausage dog is not the proper name for a dachshund
delicatessen: A delicatessen sells specialist foods
nickel: A nickel is a small American coin
poodle: The poodle is a dog with clipped curly hair
waltz: A waltz is a romantic ballroom dance
words from Hindi
bungalow: A single-storey house is called a bungalow
chutney: Fruit pickled with vinegar is called chutney
cot: The baby sleeps in her cot
shampoo: Babies cry when shampoo gets in their eyes
words from Italian
motto: Jack's motto was 'I'm all right'
piano: I can play 'chopsticks' on the piano
pizza: A pizza is made from dough and topping, baked in an oven
replica: A replica is an accurate copy
serenade: He stood outside her window and sang a serenade
spaghetti: spaghetti is a pasta, Italian for bits of string
studio: The artist had his studio in the attic
umbrella: There is shelter for two under my umbrella
words from Japanese
futon: A futon is a bed which can be made into a chair
karaoke: Singing pop songs to a backing track is karaoke
karate: The art of karate is a Japanese form of self-defence
tycoon: A tycoon is a high-powered businessman
words from North America
moccasin: A moccasin is a soft flat shoe
moose: A moose is a large North American deer
skunk: Beware the smelly spray of a scared skunk
tomahawk: A tomahawk is an axe that was used for fighting
totem: A totem is an object with symbolic value
words from Persian (Farsi)
bazaar: A bazaar is a group of market stalls
caravan: A caravan is a train of camels, or a mobile home
shawl: She wrapped a shawl round her shoulders for warmth
taffeta: A taffeta dress is made from thin glossy silk
words from Spanish
alligator: An alligator is a reptile related to the crocodile
canyon: A canyon is a steep-sided narrow valley
lasso: He threw his lasso round the neck of the bull
mosquito: The mosquito is an insect adapted for sucking blood
plaza: A plaza is a large town square or shopping centre
ranch: A ranch is a huge cattle farm of the American West
stampede: The stampede began when the cattle were startled
words from Turkish
coffee: In England, coffee is now drunk as much as tea
kiosk: A kiosk in the park sold ice creams
tulip: People visit Holland to see the tulip fields in spring
turban: A long piece of cloth is wrapped to make a turban
Year 6
Connectives
connectives
besides:
He's a singer besides being a plumberfurthermore: I don't know and furthermore I don't care
however: I can dance; however, this dance is new to me
nevertheless: Although the Romans were strong, they nevertheless fell
notwithstanding: Birds can fly, notwithstanding wind, rain and storms
therefore: Birds can fly, therefore they are fliers
Roots, prefixes, suffixes
'bi.., bin..' twice
bicycle:
Now she can ride her bicycle without stabilisersbinary: The binary system counts in twos
binoculars: You can use binoculars to see things far away
biscuit: The dog sat up and begged for a biscuit
'con..'
concern: Her mother felt concern for the tiny child
concert: The school choir gave a concert at the town hall
condemn: Don't condemn me until you hear me out
confront: I'll confront the reporters face to face
connect: You'll need to connect this hose to the tap
conquer: The general set out to conquer the rebels
contain: I counted to ten to contain my anger
continue: Roadworks can continue for ages
'du..' two
duel: The knight challenged him to a duel
duet: The two boys together sang a duet
duo: Everyone agreed the two singers made a great duo
duplicate: A photocopier will make a duplicate
'ex..' out of
excavate: The bulldozers rolled in to excavate the site
except: February has 28 days except in leap years
excluding: The price is two pounds excluding postage
excursion: Let's go on the excursion to the theme park
exit: You leave the building by the nearest exit
export: We export cars to many countries
extract: The dentist pulled hard to extract the tooth
'micro..' little
microphone: A microphone is used to pick up sound
microscope: A microscope magnifies close-up objects
microwave: A microwave oven uses extremely high frequency radio waves
'oct..' eight
octagon: An octagon is an eight-sided figure
octave: An octave is the set of musical notes
October: October the tenth month was the eighth Roman month
octopus: An octopus has eight legs
'per..' through
percolate: Rain will percolate through sandy soil
perforation: A stamp tears off at the perforation
perfume: This perfume smells of roses
permanent: The ink made a permanent mark on her shirt
permit: This permit will let me fish here
perspire: Posh people perspire but never sweat
pervade: Does the smell of cooking pervade the house?
'prim..' first
primary: Your first proper school is a primary school
primate: An ape is a primate
prime: A prime number cannot be divided
primitive: Something primitive is very simple
'sub..'
subdue: It's hard to subdue a crowd of noisy kids
subject: English is my favourite subject
submarine: A submarine travels below the waves
submerged: The submarine submerged below the waves
subside: They waited for the floods to subside
subtract: If you subtract three from five you get two
suburbs: She lives in the suburbs to the north of the city
'tele..' far
telegram: A telegram is a message sent by telegraph
telepathy: Using only your mind to communicate is called telepathy
telephone: You speak over a distance with a telephone
telescope: A telescope magnifies distant objects
television: A television receives pictures from afar
'tri..' three
tricycle: A tricycle has three wheels
trio: A trio is a group of three players
triple: To triple anything is to multiply it by three
tripod: A tripod is an object with three legs
aer air
aerobatics: Stunts in the air are called aerobatics
aerobics: Strenuous rhythmic exercises are called aerobics
aerodrome: An aerodrome is a small airfield
aerodynamic: Air flows easily over an aerodynamic shape
aeroplane: An aeroplane is a machine that flies
aqua water
aqualung: An aqualung lets you breathe underwater
aquamarine: An aquamarine is a blue-green gem
aquarium: An aquarium is a tank for fish
aqueduct: An aqueduct is a bridge carrying water
subaqua: A subaqua club is for diving
audire hear
audible: Bats' squeaks are not audible to human ears
audience: The audience clapped as the play ended
audiovisual: Both sound and images feature in audiovisual aids
audition: After the audition the director chose the cast for the play
cedere go
concede: The company should concede that it made an error
precede: The introduction should precede your speech
precedent: The judge broke the precedent by appearing wigless
recede: Rivers become wider if their banks recede
claudire close
conclude: To conclude is to decide as a result of information you have
exclude: This club will exclude anyone who causes trouble
include: I'll include a card with my gift
secluded: The cottage was so secluded it took ages to find
crederer believe
credible: His life-story was so amazing it was barely credible
credit: Your beautiful garden is a credit to your hard work
discredit: A faulty product is a discredit to its makers
incredible: No one believed Gulliver's incredible story
hydor water
dehydrated: If something is dried up it is dehydrated
hydraulic: A hydraulic motor is worked by fluid
hydrofoil: A hydrofoil is a craft that skims on water
hydrogen: The lightest element is hydrogen
hydrotherapy: Treatment by immersion in water is hydrotherapy
logos word
biology: The study of life is biology
dialogue: A conversation between two people is a dialogue
illogical: If something is against reason it is illogical
prologue: A prologue is spoken at the start of a play
technology: Applied science is called technology
photos light
photocopier: A photocopier uses light to make copies
photogenic: It is easy to take a good photo of a photogenic person.
photograph: Without a camera you cannot take a photograph
photon: A photon is a particle of light
photosynthesis: Plants use photosynthesis to obtain energy
telephoto: A telephoto lens makes a scene seem closer
portare carry
export: We export cars to many countries
import: We import bananas because they don't grow here
portable: He takes his portable TV to bed
report: A report carries information
support: That shelf won't support your weight
scopeein view
microscope: A microscope magnifies close-up objects
periscope: A periscope lets you look round corners
scope: The scope of something is its range
stethoscope: A stethoscope is to hear sounds from the chest
telescope: A telescope magnifies distant objects
scribere, scriptum write
description: A description tells in detail what something is
inscribe: Will you inscribe our names on the trophy?
nondescript: Something nondescript is unremarkable
postscript: A postscript follows the end of a play, book or letter
scribble: To scribble is to write untidily
scribe: A scribe wrote letters for a living
script: She wrote the script for the puppet play
Word origins & derivations
contractions
could've:
The short form of could have is could'veo'clock: Nine o'clock was once nine of the clock
shan't: The short form of shall not is shan't
shouldn't: The short form of should not is shouldn't
they'd: The short form of they had or they would is they'd
they're: My parents think they're really cool.
they've: The short form of they have is they've
from acronyms
laser: Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation is laser
nylon: Manufacture of nylon began in New York and LONdon
quango: Quasi-Autonomous Non-Governmental Organisation is quango
quasar: QUAsi-StellAr Radio source makes quasar
radar: RAdio Detecting And Ranging makes radar
scuba: Self-Contained Underwater Breathing Apparatus is scuba
sonar: SOund Navigation And Ranging makes sonar
yuppie: Young Upwardly-mobile Professional leads to yuppie
from mythical characters
atlas: An atlas is called after a man with the globe on his back
cereal: Ceres, Roman goddess of growing plants, leads to cereal
hygiene: The word hygiene is from Hygieia, Greek goddess of health
martial: A martial art like karate recalls Mars, Roman god of war
music: The Muses were Greek goddesses of the arts, hence music
panic: The god Pan was said to have the power to cause panic
titanic: A titanic struggle has the strength of Titans, early Greek gods
volcano: The volcano comes from Vulcan, Roman god of fire
from people's names
cardigans: Guess which earl issued cardigans to his regiment
diesel: Guess which engineer invented the diesel engine
sandwiches: Guess which earl ate sandwiches while playing cards
wellingtons: Guess which duke first wore wellingtons
from places
academy: Plato taught at Akademia in Athens, hence academy
canter: Pilgrims to Canterbury rode at a canter, an easy pace
currant: Corinth was the original source of the currant
denim: Cloth from Nimes was called 'de Nimes', now denim
indigo: The colour indigo suggests a dye from India
port: Strong wine from Oporto in Portugal is called port
swede: The swede is a turnip from Sweden
tangerine: The tangerine was shipped from the port of Tangiers
shortened words
exam: Which sounds worse, exam or examination?
fridge: It is easier to say fridge than refrigerator
navvy: The navvy was the 'navigator' who dug canal navigations
taxicab: A taxicab or cab was once a 'taximeter cabriolet'
telly: It is easier to say telly than television
zoo: A zoo was once called a zoological garden
Appendix List 1 words
'Being and doing' words
being words 1
be:
I want to be your friendbeen: I've been to London to see the Queen
had: I did my work then had a rest
has: A cat has four legs
have: Let's stop and have a rest
were: Once upon a time there were three pigs
will: I will go even if it rains
being words 2
can't: A fish out of water can't swim
could: He said he could do magic
don't: Dinosaurs don't live here any more
may: He may be poor but he is kind
must: We must eat to stay alive
should: I should have trained then I would have won
would: I would rather fly than walk
doing words 1
came: My aunt came to see us last week
did: I did my work then had a rest
do: There are lots of things I like to do
got: We went in the rain and got wet
live: Home is where we live
made: At last the pills made him better
saw: He looked up and saw the moon
want: I want a drink when I'm thirsty
doing words 2
called: My dog is called Superdog
lived: Cavemen lived in caves
look: They all ran out to look at the snow
make: I like to make a fuss of my dog
put: She put the key into the lock
ran: She ran quickly to catch the bus
seen: What's the best film you've ever seen?
take: Please take a party bag as you go
doing words 3
dig: Let's go and dig for gold
help: Let me help you lift that box
jump: A frog can jump over a log
laugh: Clowns try to make us laugh
love: The princess fell in love with the frog
pull: You pull the ring to open the can
push: We had to push the car to make it start
'People' words
people words
her:
She has a ring on her fingerhim: I prod my brother to annoy him
our: We are five in our family
their: The kittens lost their mittens
them: I got some eggs and boiled them
us: Please give us our ball back
your: Clap your hands if you like the show
'When and where' words
when words 1
first:
The first to get home is the winnerlast: He fell over and came last in the race
next: If it's Sunday, Monday's next
once: There once was an ugly duckling
then: First bake the cake then eat it
when words 2
after: C comes after B in the ABC
again: It's nice to be back home again
just: She grabbed the glass just as it fell
now: Right now is the time to do it
where words 1
by: Please may I sit by the door?
down: The skittles all fell down
here: This spot right here is good for our picnic
there: We're standing here but the bus stops over there
with: My cat plays with string
where words 2
about: This story is about myself
from: Milk comes from cows
off: Humpty Dumpty fell off the wall
out: I fell out of bed and woke up
over: The cow jumped over the moon
Colours numbers days months
colour words
black:
The night was black and all was darkblue: When the sky is blue the sun shines too
brown: Grill any food and it turns brown
green: Grass is green
purple: The colour purple is like a mixture of blue and red
red: This box is red all over
white: Fresh snow looks white
yellow: Buttercups are yellow
days of the week
Friday: Friday is named after the goddess Frigga
Monday: Monday is named after the moon
Saturday: Saturday is called after the god Saturn
Sunday: Sunday is named after the sun
Thursday: Thursday is named after the god Thor
Tuesday: Tuesday is called after the god Tiw
Wednesday: Wednesday is named after the god Woden
months
April: April is the fourth month of the year
August: August is a holiday month in Europe
December: December is the twelfth month of the year
February: February is the second month of the year
January: The year starts on the first of January
July: The month of July is named after Julius Caesar
June: Summer begins in June
March: The month of March is named from Mars, god of war
May: May in Europe is a month of spring
November: November is the eleventh month of the year
October: October the tenth month was the eighth Roman month
September: September is the last month of summer in Europe
numbers 1 to 10
eight: A spider has eight legs
five: People have five toes on each foot
four: Chairs need four firm legs
nine: A cat is said to have nine lives
one: We have two eyes and one nose
seven: There are seven days in a week
six: An ant has six legs
ten: My toes add up to ten
three: A triangle has three sides
two: We have one nose but two eyes
numbers 11 to 20
eighteen: Eight and ten make eighteen
eleven: There are eleven players in a football team
fifteen: Five and ten make fifteen
fourteen: Ten plus four makes fourteen
nineteen: Nine and ten make nineteen
seventeen: Seven and ten make seventeen
sixteen: Six and ten make sixteen
thirteen: Three and ten make thirteen
twelve: A dozen is twelve of anything
twenty: Two men have twenty toes
Nouns (names of things)
nouns 1
ball:
She kicked the ball into the nethome: We live at home
house: Their house has a blue door
name: My dog's name is Superdog
school: Children learn and play at school
tree: A tree needs deep roots
nouns 2
bed: I sleep in a big bed
door: Knock on the door and go in
night: All that night the moon shone bright
time: A tree takes a long time to grow
water: I'll run the water for a bath
way: Can you tell me the way to town?
Other lists
joining-up words
as:
She went to the party dressed as a witchbecause: We went indoors because of the rain
but: Birds can fly but cats can't
if: It would be magic if I could fly
or: We could go home or stay here
so: The car won't start so we must push it
than: I am taller than him
other frequent words
back: My dog brings back his ball
much: A lion is much bigger than a mouse
not: I do not like being lost
too: My two cats are too lazy to go out
very: An elephant is a very big animal
question words
how: Show me how a brown owl hoots
what: A hat is what you put on your head
when: A hen clucks when it lays an egg
where: Just here is where I sit
who: I wonder who is knocking at my door
Reception year words
being words
am:
I am busy just noware: Cats and dogs are animals
can: Birds can fly
is: A cat is an animal
was: There once was an ugly duckling
doing words
get: We will get wet in the rain
go: Rain, rain, go away
like: I like jam better than butter
said: Ben came in and said hello
went: Jack and Jill went up the hill
doing words 2
come: Will you come to my party?
going: We are going to the fair
look: They all ran out to look at the snow
play: Come and play ball with us
see: Owls can see in the dark
names
cat: My cat laps up milk
dad: A dad is a father
day: I play all day on holiday
dog: Our dog barks at cats
mum: A mum is a mother
other words
and: I like cats and dogs
it: He got his milk and drank it
of: I ate a bag of crisps
the: This is the house that Jack built
other words 2
away: I forgot to put my things away
big: She saw the giant's big foot
for: A pen is for writing
no: Shake your head for no
this: My pen is this pen here
yes: Nod your head for yes
people words
he: As Jack fell down he broke his crown
me: My name belongs to me
she: Jill hurt her hand when she fell
we: Shall we go in for our tea?
people words 2
all: The dog ate up all my dinner
my: I eat the chips and lick my lips
they: Shoes hurt when they pinch
you: Shut your eyes if you want a surprise
where words
at: I live at home
in: The cat is in her basket
on: She sat on the donkey
to: I went to the fair
up: Jack and Jill went up the hill
Words before nouns
words before nouns 1
an:
I had a pear and an appleone: We have two eyes and one nose
some: Most birds can fly and some can swim
that: Let's go this way, not that way
these: You like those shoes but I like these
three: A triangle has three sides
two: We have one nose but two eyes
words before nouns 2
another: I've a pen here and another one at home
good: A good dog sits when it's told
little: This little pig went to market
many: There are many fish in the sea
more: She ate lots but wanted more
old: This tree is a hundred years old
Appendix List 2 words
'Place' words
'place' words
above:
You hold an umbrella above your headacross: He waved to us from across the river
along: A path runs along the riverbank
around: The pony trots around the ring
below: Fish swim below the waves
between: The ball must go between the posts to score
high: From high on the hill they saw for miles
inside: She's painting the house inside and out
'place' words 2
near: Sit near the front if you want a good view
outside: She's painting the house outside and in
round: All wheels are round
through: Go through the gate to get in the field
together: Bread and jam go well together
under: The river runs under the bridge
where: Just here is where I sit
'Time' words
'time' words
always:
The sun always rises in the eastbefore: Unwrap a sweet before you eat
during: We're not at school during the holidays
never: We never sleep standing up
often: We walk more often than we swim
sometimes: The sky is sometimes red in the morning
suddenly: The door suddenly burst open
'time' words 2
first: The first to get home is the winner
morning: The sun comes up in the morning
second: The second follows the first
still: Keep still while I cut your hair!
today: The day before tomorrow is today
until: They waited until the bus came along
while: I played outside while Mum made supper
year: There are twelve months in a year
Nouns
some nouns
baby:
My aunt's baby is only four weeks oldballoon: I'd love to go up in a hot-air balloon
birthday: Your birthday marks the day you were born
brother: Sister and brother went home together
children: The child ran to join the other children outside
clothes: We wore our best clothes to the wedding
garden: My garden has both weeds and flowers
head: Please turn your head and look at me
word: Now here is a word I can spell
work: Nurses work in hospitals
world: The world is the planet on which we live
some nouns 2
earth: From space the earth looks beautiful
eyes: Your eyes are for seeing
father: A father is somebody's dad
friends: Family, friends and neighbours all visit us at Christmas
lady: A wicked lord and his lady once lived at The Hall
money: All my money fell out of my purse
mother: A mum is a mother
paper: Someone had scribbled on every sheet of paper
sister: My sister has her own room
window: She gazed through the green glass window
Other useful words
useful words
almost:
One mile to go and our train is almost thereany: Choose any number between one and ten
better: We played well but they played better
every: I have every record the group ever made
half: One is half of two
much: A lion is much bigger than a mouse
number: Nine is a number
only: I have only one sweet left
upon: Once upon a time there were three little pigs
young: A kitten is a young cat
useful words 2
great: The gorilla is one of the great apes
happy: She is happy on her birthday
heard: I heard a great new song today
something: The box held something rather heavy
sure: Monday is sure to follow Sunday
swimming: He is swimming under the water
those: These apples are sweet but those are sour
useful words 3
also: My bedroom is also my den
both: Bananas and pears are both fruit
different: Apples are different from oranges
following: There were floods following two weeks of heavy rain
other: Would you like this book or the other one?
place: A bookmark helps you find your place
right: Ticks mean all your sums are right
such: Your party was such good fun
without: A bike without wheels is no good at all
useful words 4
important: It is important to look before crossing the road
light: I switched on the light as it became dark
own: I wish I had a pet of my very own
small: A small button fits a tiny hole
sound: No sound came from the silent house
white: Fresh snow looks white
whole: The egg was whole before he sat on it
why: Tell me why she is not here
some useful verbs
began: I began to play the drums when I was six
being: Nobody likes being ill
coming: Mother is coming to see us tomorrow
does: She does judo on Monday after school
might: We think we might win
show: Let me show you my scar
told: Gulliver told the tale of his travels
walk: He went for a long walk
walking: Running is speeded-up walking
write: I want to write him a letter
some useful verbs 2
change: This tiny grub will change into a moth
found: I looked around and found a pound
heard: I heard a great new song today
leave: When I leave school I'm going to be a pop star
tries: A newborn foal tries to stand up
watch: I like to watch the news on TV
verbs, adding '..ed'
asked: My mother asked thousands of questions
jumped: He jumped into the lake
opened: He opened the window because it was hot
started: It started to rain as we left the house
stopped: He stopped and looked before crossing the road
turned: She turned to see what was behind her
used: He used a spade to dig a hole in the garden
walked: We walked for five hours without stopping
verbs, contractions
can't: A fish out of water can't swim
didn't: I didn't fall but the other skaters did
don't: Dinosaurs don't live here any more
I'm: The short form of I am is I'm
verbs, past and present
brought: Have you brought your trainers with you?
goes: He goes to bed when he's tired
gone: I miss my friend now she's gone away
knew: After just one lesson I knew how to skate
know: I know that tomorrow never comes!
think: I must think before I speak
thought: I thought about what you said and I still say no
woke: Dad woke Mum with a cup of tea
woken: I have woken up so I might as well get up